1. ESSENTIALS OF PSYCHOLOGY
8TH EDITION
By Robert Feldman
Powerpoint slides by Kimberly Foreman

2. STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS
CHAPTER FOUR:
STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS

3. MODULE 12: Sleep and Dreams
What are the different states of consciousness?
What happens when we sleep, and what are the meaning and function of dreams?

4. MODULE 12: Sleep and Dreams
What are the major sleep disorders, and how can they be treated?
How much do we daydream?

5. Consciousness
Awareness of the sensations, thoughts, and feelings we experience at a given moment
Waking consciousness
Altered states of consciousness

6. The Stages of Sleep Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4
Characterized by rapid, low-amplitude brain waves
Stage 2
Slower, more regular wave pattern
Sleep spindles
Stage 3
Higher peaks and lower valleys of waves
Stage 4
Slower and more regular, least responsive to outside stimulation

7. Figure 3 of Module 12

8. REM Sleep: The Paradox of Sleep
Rapid Eye Movement
Back-and-forth movement of one’s eyes
Accompanied by dreams
Muscles appear to be paralyzed
Rebound effect

9. Why Do We Sleep, and How Much Sleep Is Necessary?
Exact reason for sleep is unknown
Several theories exist
Most people sleep between seven and eight hours per night
Varies among individuals

10. The Function and Meaning of Dreams
Unconscious Wish Fulfillment Theory
Sigmund Freud
Latent content of dreams
Manifest content of dreams
Figure 7 of Module 12

11. The Function and Meaning of Dreams
Dreams-for-Survival Theory
Permit one to reconsider and reprocess during sleep information that is critical for one’s daily survival

12. The Function and Meaning of Dreams
Activation-Synthesis Theory
Brain produces random electrical energy during REM sleep, possibly as a result of changes in the production of particular neurotransmitters, which in turn stimulates random memories that are turned into a storyline

13. Figure 6 of Module 12

14. Sleep Disturbances: Slumbering Problems
Insomnia
Sleep Apnea
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Night Terrors
Narcolepsy
Sleep Talking
Sleep Walking

15. Circadian Rhythms: Life Cycles
Biological processes that occur regularly on approximately a twenty-four-hour cycle
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
Controls circadian rhythms
Seasonal affective disorder

16. Daydreams: Dreams Without Sleep
Fantasies that people construct while awake
Typical part of waking consciousness
Time spent in daydreaming varies from individual to individual

17. Sleeping Better Exercise during the day
Choose a regular bedtime and stick to it
Avoid drinks with caffeine after lunch
Drink a glass of warm milk at bedtime
Avoid sleeping pills
Try not to sleep

18. MODULE 13: Hypnosis and Meditation
What is hypnosis, and are hypnotized people in a different state of consciousness?
What are the effects of meditation?

19. Hypnosis: A Trance-Forming Experience
Trancelike state of heightened susceptibility to the suggestions of others
Susceptibility to hypnosis varies greatly

20. Hypnosis: A Trance-Forming Experience
A Different State of Consciousness?
Uses
Controlling pain
Reducing smoking
Treating psychological disorders
Assisting in law enforcement
Improving athletic performance

21. Meditation: Regulating Our Own State of Consciousness
Learned technique for refocusing attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness
Repetition of a mantra
Figure 1 of Module 13

22. MODULE 14: Drug Use: The Highs and Lows of Consciousness
What are the major classifications of drugs, and what are their effects?

23. MODULE 14: Drug Use: The Highs and Lows of Consciousness
Psychoactive Drugs
Influence a person’s emotions, perceptions, and behavior
Addictive Drugs
Produce a biological or psychological dependence in the user
Figure 1 of Module 14

24. Stimulants: Drug Highs
Drugs whose effect on the central nervous system causes a rise in heart rate, blood pressure, and muscular tension
Caffeine
Nicotine
Amphetamines
Methamphetamine
Cocaine
Figure 4 of Module 14

25. Depressants: Drug Lows
Impedes the nervous system by causing neurons to fire more slowly
Alcohol
Intoxication
Binge drinking
Figure 6 of Module 14

26. Barbiturates Form of Depressant
Prescribed by physicians to induce sleep or reduce stress
Rohypnol
“Date rape drug”

27. Narcotics: Relieving Pain and Anxiety
Morphine
Heroin
Methadone
Synthetic chemical that satisfies a heroin user’s physiological cravings for the drug without providing the “high” that accompanies heroin

28. Hallucinogens: Psychedelic Drugs
Produces hallucinations, or changes in the perceptual process
Marijuana
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
MDMA (Ecstasy)
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
Figure 7 of Module 14