1. Consciousness Sleeping & Waking Awareness of Self (thoughts & feelings) Automatic Processes – * (Subconscious) Eating/driving Controlled Processes – learning new activity

2. What is our “Biological Clock” Or… Circadian Rhythm 24-25 hour timeline (sleep/wake cycle) Run by the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus In the hypothalamus Responds to light changes Melatonin ***

3. What are the Stages of Sleep? Alpha Relaxed & drowsy, just prior to sleep Alpha waves Non-REM Stages I – IV 80% of sleep time

4. What are the NREM stages of sleep ? Non-REM Stages I – Transition from wake to sleep II – Sleep Spindles III – waves begin to slow IV – (Deep Sleep) –

5. Awake (Beta) Drowsy (Alpha) Stage 1 Sleep (Theta) Stage 2 Sleep Stage 3 & Stage 4 Sleep (Delta) REM Sleep (Beta)

6. What occurs in REM ? REM Sleep When dreaming occurs Similar to Beta Waves – ~ 20% of Sleep time 5 or 6 phases per night Muscle paralysis

7. Awake REM Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Hours 012345678

8. What are some sleep interferents? REM Behavior Disorder REM Rebound – Lack of Sleep

9. What are some sleep interferents? Insomnia Psychological – Physiological – Sleep Apnea Stop breathing during sleep

10. What are some sleep interferents? Narcolepsy – Sleep attacks Night terrors – frightening w/scream Nightmares – anxiety related Sleepwalking – Stage 3 or 4

11. Why do we sleep? Sleep switch – Repair Theory Adaptive Theory

12. Why do we dream ? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9nmVzXxdUeU&playnext=1&list=PLBC1B0516BBFFD762&feature=results_main Freud Censored info surfaces in dreams Extensions of Waking Life Reflect issues of real life Spirit World contact with other souls to reflect & solve problems

13. Why do we dream ? Activation-Synthesis Theory Random, meaningless activity of neurons Threat Simulation Thery Preparation for challenges we may face

14. Altered States- Consciousness Hypnosis Suceptibility – related to expectations Stanford Hypnotic Scale Hypnotic Induction

15. How does hypnosis work? Altered State Theory Different state of consciousness (~daydreams) Socio-cognitive theory Social influences/pressures affect responses

16. What is hypnosis used for? Hypnotic Analgesia Post-hypnotic Suggestion Age Regression (“Journey of Souls”)

17. What are the effects of Drug Use ? Psychoactive – affects consciousness and level of awareness Addiction Dependence Tolerance Withdrawal

18. What are the Neural Effects of Drugs ? Mimic Neurotransmitters Morphine/Heroin Block Reuptake (removal) Cocaine, Prozac (SRIs)

19. What are the different drug types ? Stimulants Methamphetamine – Cocaine – Caffeine – Nicotine – All result in physical addiction, emotional instability

20. What are the different drug types ? Opiates – mimic neurotransmitters Opium Morphine Heroin Very addictive Methadone Treatments

21. What are the different drug types ? Hallucinogens LSD – (“trip”) Mushrooms (Psilocybin**) – awake dreams; Mescaline-(peyote); headaches/vomiting MDMA (Ecstasy) – intimacy crave

22. What are the different drug types ? Marijuana – mild hallucinogen THC – 10x as much today as in 70’s Mild euphoria; distorted/heightened feelings Dangers – affects the hippocampus; short-term memory – can lead to apathy

23. What are the different drug types ? Depressants Alcohol – depresses the central nervous system.06 -.10 motor/cognitive impairments Genetic risk – Environ. Risk –

24. Why is alcohol a problem ? Depressants (cont’d) Effects – Related to increases in aggression, rape, assault, manslaughter, car accidents, domestic violence 3 rd leading health problem

25. What can be done to reduce negative effects of drugs ? PREVENTION: DARE – with 5-6 th grade students INTERVENTION Cognitive Behavior Therapy – Motivational Programs – 12-Step Program (AA & NA) –