© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 5 States of Consciousness

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Preview Consciousness Sleep and Dreams Psychoactive Drugs Hypnosis Meditation

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Nature of Consciousness What is consciousness? …awareness of external events and internal sensations which occurs under conditions of arousal Awareness prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate and association areas global brain workspace Arousal reticular activating system ways that awareness is regulated: alert v. relaxed/drowsy

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Levels of Awareness Higher-Level Consciousness controlled processing actively focus efforts toward a goal requires attention

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Levels of Awareness Lower-Level Consciousness Automatic processes require little attention/conscious effort do not interfere with other ongoing activities Daydreaming wandering thoughts fantasy, imagination, rumination potentially useful (reminding, solving)

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Levels of Awareness Altered States of Consciousness drug states fatigue, illness, trauma, deprivation meditation, hypnosis mental disorders

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Levels of Awareness Subconscious Awareness incubation parallel processing Sleep and Dreams low levels of consciousness of outside world No Awareness unconscious (censored) thought--Freud non-conscious processes

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Theory of Mind Theory of Mind – knowledge that people think and have private experiences False Belief Task – social competence Theory of Mind Module – TOMM Individuals with autism – lack TOMM

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Biological Rhythms Periodic Physiological Fluctuations controlled by biological clocks annual or seasonal 24-hour cycles – circadian rhythms monitored by suprachlasmatic nucleus

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Biological Clocks Desynchronizing the Clock jet lag shift-work problems insomnia Resetting the Clock bright light melatonin

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Why Do We Need Sleep? Adaptive Evolutionary Function safety energy conservation/ efficiency Restorative Function body rejuvenation & growth Brain Plasticity enhances synaptic connections memory consolidation

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Sleep Deprivation Chronic sleep deprivation results in… decreased alertness and cognitive performance inability to sustain attention less complex brain activity adverse effects on decision making Why are Americans sleep deprived?

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Stages of Sleep EEG measures electrical activity in the brain – identifies stages of wakefulness and sleep. Wakefulness beta waves (alert) high frequency and low amplitude desynchronous alpha waves (relaxed) increase in amplitude synchronous

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Sleep Stages - EEG Patterns

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Light Sleep: Stages 1-2 Stage 1 theta waves slower frequency and greater amplitude Stage 2 theta waves sudden increase in wave frequency sleep spindles

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Deep Sleep: Stages 3-4 Stage 3 < 50% delta waves slowest frequency and highest amplitude Stage 4 > 50% delta waves difficult to wake sleepers

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. REM Sleep Rapid-Eye-Movement Sleep rapid eye movement dreaming Non-REM Sleep (Stages 1-4 ) lack of rapid eye movement little dreaming

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Sleep Cycles minutes per cycle sleep patterns change during the night typical night includes 60% - Stages 1 & 2 sleep 20% - Stages 3 & 4 sleep 20% - REM sleep

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Sleep Cycles

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Sleep Across the Life Span

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Sleep and the Brain Reticular Formation critical role in sleep and arousal Neurotransmitters (NT) serotonin, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine levels vary across sleep stages

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Sleep and Disease stroke and asthma attacks more common at night infectious diseases induce sleep sleep problems common in those with mental disorders

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Sleep Disorders insomnia sleep walking, talking, and eating nightmares and night terrors narcolepsy sleep apnea

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Theories of Dreaming Historical and Religious Significance Freud’s Psychodynamic Approach manifest and latent content Cognitive Theory information processing and memory Activation-Synthesis Theory brain makes “sense” out of random brain activity

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Psychoactive Drugs Act on nervous system to: alter consciousness modify perceptions change moods Why do people take drugs? What are the trends in adolescent use?

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Psychoactive Drugs: Effects on Users unsafe sexual behavior (STDs, pregnancy) direct and indirect health effects school, work, and relationship problems psychological problems (depression)

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Psychoactive Drugs Continued use can lead to… tolerance addiction - physical dependence and unpleasant withdrawal - psychological dependence

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Drugs and the Brain How does the brain become addicted?  dopamine levels  Reward Pathway ventral tegmental area (VTA) nucleus accumbens (NAC) prefrontal cortex

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Reward Pathway for Psychoactive Drugs

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Psychoactive Drugs: Depressants Drugs that slow down mental and physical activity: alcohol barbiturates tranquilizers opiates

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Depressants

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Psychoactive Drugs: Stimulants Drugs that increase CNS activity: caffeine nicotine amphetamines cocaine MDMA (Ecstasy)

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Stimulants

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Psychoactive Drugs: Hallucinogens Drugs that modify perceptual experiences: marijuana LSD

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Hallucinogens

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Critical Controversy Should illicit psychoactive drugs be legalized for medicinal use?

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Hypnosis Hypnosis is marked by… altered attention and expectation unusual receptiveness to suggestions

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Hypnosis Four Steps in Hypnosis 1. distractions are minimized 2. told to concentrate on something specific 3. told what to expect 4. certain obvious events/feelings are suggested There are individual variations in ability to be hypnotized.

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Explaining Hypnosis Divided State of Consciousness  obedient to hypnotist  hidden observer Social Cognitive Behavior normal conscious state social expectations for how to act hypnotized

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Uses of Hypnosis Hypnosis is used to… treat various health issues (e.g., alcoholism, smoking) reduce experience of pain

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Meditation Meditation is a peaceful state of mind, not occupied by worry. Mindfulness meditation is used to treat a variety of conditions (e.g., depression, chronic pain).

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Summary Discuss the nature of consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and dreams. Describe psychoactive drugs and their effects. Describe hypnosis and its uses. Discuss the benefits of meditation.

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Summary Consciousness: Levels of Awareness higher-level, lower-level altered states subconscious, unconscious Sleep and Dreams explanations of sleep and dreams sleep stages and cycles sleep disorders

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Summary Psychoactive Drugs tolerance, dependence, and addiction depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens Hypnosis theories and application of hypnosis Meditation mindfulness meditation