1. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness

2. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 2 Chapter Preview The Nature of Consciousness Sleep and Dreams Psychoactive Drugs Hypnosis Meditation

3. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 3 Consciousness William James & Stream of Consciousness Awareness of external events and internal sensations Metacognition - Thinking about your thoughts Involves cerebral cortex - Association areas & frontal lobes

4. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 4 Consciousness Arousal Physiological state of being engaged with the environment Determined by reticular activating system

5. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 5 Consciousness and the Brain Awareness and arousal, are associated with different parts of the brain Areas of the prefrontal cortex appear to be involved in the ways that awareness goes beyond the input of sensory information Arousal is determined by the reticular activating system

6. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 6 Theory of Mind Individuals’ understanding that they and others think, feel, perceive, and have private experiences

7. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 7 Levels of Awareness Higher-level consciousness Lower-level consciousness Altered states of consciousness Subconscious awareness No awareness

8. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 8 Figure 4.1 – Levels of Awareness

9. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 9 Sleep: Biological Rhythms Sleep A natural state of rest for the body and mind that involves the reversible loss of consciousness Biological rhythms Periodic physiological fluctuations in body “Biological Clocks”

10. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 10 Sleep: Biological Rhythms Circadian rhythms Daily behavioral or physiological cycle Sleep/wake, body temperature, blood pressure, blood sugar Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) Small brain structure using retinal input to synchronize its rhythm with daily light/dark cycle

11. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 11 Figure 4.2 - Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

12. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 12 Sleep: Biological Clocks Desynchronizing the Biological Clock Can get thrown off regular schedules Jet travel, changing work shifts, insomnia Resetting the Biological Clock Bright light Melatonin

13. SLEEP !!!!! On average, humans sleep 22 years of their lifetime.

14. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 14 Why Do We Sleep? Evolutionary perspective – For protection To conserve energy Restoration – restore the body and mind Brain plasticity - sleep helps with the consolidation of memories.

15. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15 Sleep Deprivation Lack of sleep is stressful Trouble paying attention to tasks and solving problems Decreased brain activity Can influence moral judgment Yet many of us do not get sufficient sleep Americans, in general Adolescents, in particular Sleep patterns change into middle/late adulthood

16. Sleep Deprivation 8 hours is generally suggested for adults, but the typical adult sleeps less than 7 hours a night. 9 hours is generally suggested for teenager, but the typical teen sleeps only about 6 hours a night.

17. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 17 Stages of Wakefulness & Sleep Stages of sleep correspond to massive electrophysiological changes occur throughout the brain The fast, irregular, and low-amplitude electrical activity of wakefulness is replaced by the slow, regular, high-amplitude waves of deep sleep

18. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 18 Wakefulness Stages Beta waves Reflect concentration and awareness Highest in frequency, lowest in amplitude More desynchronous, or inconsistent Alpha waves Relaxed, but still awake Brain waves slowed down, increased in amplitude More synchronous, or regular

20. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 20 Sleep Stages 1 and 2 Stage 1 Drowsy sleep Myoclonic jerks, or sudden muscle movements EEG characterized by slow, high-amplitude theta waves Stage 2 Decreased muscle activity No conscious awareness of environment Theta waves interspersed with sleep spindles

21. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 21 Sleep Stages 3 and 4 Characterized by delta waves - Slowest and highest-amplitude brain waves Referred to as delta sleep, the deepest sleep Bedwetting, sleep walking, and sleep talking Stage 3  less than 50% delta waves Stage 4  more than 50% delta waves After stage 4 – cycle back through stages 3 and 2.

22. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 22 REM Sleep Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep Active stage during which dreaming occurs Fast wave activity, similar to relaxed wakefulness Likely plays a role in memory Non-REM sleep  Stages 1 through 4

23. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 23 Figure 4.4 - Characteristics and Formats of EEG Recordings During Stages of Sleep

24. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24 Sleep Cycles One sleep cycle Five stages of sleep 90 to 100 minutes Recurs several times a night Just before and after REM sleep, you typically change body positions REM stages become progressively longer

25. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 25

27. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 27 Figure 4.6 - Cycling Through a Night’s Sleep

28. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 28 Sleep and the Brain Reticular Formation Core of brain stem Distinct pattern of neurotransmitter activity during each sleep stage Plays crucial role in sleep and arousal Neurotransmitters involved in sleep: Serotonin Norepinephrine Acetylcholine

29. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29 Figure 4.7 - Sleep Across the Human Life Span

30. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 30 Sleep and Disease Stroke and asthma Obesity and heart disease Immune system and infection Cytokines – produced to fight infection & induce sleep Mental disorders Depression Alzheimer disease, stroke, and cancer

31. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 31 Sleep Disorders Insomnia Sleepwalking, sleep talking, and sleep eating Nightmares and night terrors Sudden arousal from sleep, intense fear Narcolepsy Sudden, overpowering urge to sleep Sleep apnea Individuals stop breathing and awaken to breathe better

32. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32 Dreams Freud - Dreams symbolize unconscious wishes Manifest content  surface content  symbolic Latent content  hidden content  true meaning Cognitive theory Dreams as subconscious cognitive processing Lack of attention to roles of brain structures and activity in dreaming Activation-synthesis theory Dreams as result of synthesis of neural signals

33. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33 Uses of Psychoactive Drugs Act on the nervous system to: Alter consciousness Modify perceptions Change moods Tolerance  Increasing amounts for same effect Physical dependence  Need / Withdrawal Psychological dependence  Strong desire

34. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34 Addiction Physical or psychological dependence, or both Psychoactive drugs increase dopamine levels in brain’s reward pathways Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) Nucleus accumbens Activation of limbic and prefrontal areas of brain

35. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 35 Figure 4.10 - The Brain’s Reward Pathway for Psychoactive Drugs

36. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 36 Psychoactive Drugs: Depressants Depressants: Psychoactive drugs that slow down mental and physical activity Alcohol Barbiturates Nembutal and Seconal Tranquilizers Valium and Xanax Opiates Morphine and Heroin

37. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 37 Psychoactive Drugs: Stimulants Psychoactive drugs that increase the central nervous system’s activity Caffeine Nicotine Amphetamines (“Uppers”) Crystal meth Cocaine Crack MDMA (Ecstasy)

38. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 38 Psychoactive Drugs: Hallucinogens Modify a person’s perceptual experiences and produce visual images that are not real Also called psychedelic drugs Marijuana LSD ( lysergic acid diethylamide)

39. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 39 Hypnosis Altered state of consciousness Psychological state of altered attention/expectation Nature of hypnosis: The four steps Minimizing distractions, maximizing comfort Concentration on something specific Information about what to expect in hypnotic state Suggestion of events or feelings already occurring

40. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 40 Explaining Hypnosis Hypnosis as a divided state of consciousness “Hidden Observer” Social cognitive behavior view of hypnosis Cognitive factors Attitudes Expectations Beliefs Social Context

41. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 41 Uses of Hypnosis To dampen brain processes experimentally Helps in understanding: The effects of hypnosis The brain’s functioning Most effective when combined with psychotherapy

42. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 42 Meditation Attaining peaceful state of mind Mindfulness meditation For depression, panic attacks, and anxiety For chronic pain, stress, psoriasis Meditative state of mind Hypnogogic reverie  Feeling of wellness Increased activation in basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex Decreases in anterior cingulate