Cells Anatomy & Physiology

Cells vary in SIZE and STRUCTURE Depends on what they do

All Cells have Nucleus Cytoplasm (cytosol) Cell Membrane Cells have various organelles that perform functions Cell Membrane is selectively permeable

Transport system; canals and channels that connect membrane to nucleus and to organelles within the cell Smooth ER (lipid synthesis) Rough ER (contains ribosomes for protein manufacture)

Flattened membranes; function to package and deliver proteins produced by the ribosomes Proteins are exported in vesicles

Chemical energy from food is converted to a useable form (ATP) process is called Cellular Respiration The “powerhouse” of the cell CRISTAE

Lysosomes - contain digestive enzymes to break down substances Centrosome – forms a spindle during cell division Vesicles – packaged substances, exported Microfilaments and Microtubules - cell skeleton (cytoskeleton), maintains shape and functions in movement Cilia & Flagella

Directs cell activities (the “brain” of the cell) Contains genetic information (DNA) in the form of chromatin Also contains a nucleolus – makes ribosomes Has tiny pores where RNA can exit the nucleus

Diffusion - molecules tend to spread out Facilitated Diffusion Diffusion Animation

o Hypertonic o Hypotonic o Isotonic SALT SUCKS

Osmosis Animation

Filtration Active Transport  Exocytosis  Endocytosis (phagocytosis & pinocytosis)

Mitosis = nuclear division Mitosis is followed by cytokinesis (cell division) The steps of mitosis ensure that each new cell has the exact same number of chromosomes as the original Interphase = growth phase, differentiation occurs

Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase IPMAT

1. chromosomes visible (chromatids) 2. centrioles migrate to the poles 3. nuclear membrane disappears 4. nucleolus disappears 5. spindle forms

1. chromosomes line up on the equator, spindle attaches

1. chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

1. chromosomes disappear chromatin 2. nuclear membrane reforms 3. nucleoli reappears 4. spindle disappears 5. centrioles duplicate

- division of the cytoplasm to form 2 new daughter cells - organelles are divided - daughter cells are genetically identical Cells return to interphase

1.Name the phases starting at the top.

1.Name the phase 2.Identify X 3.Identify Y

5. Name the phase

6. Name the structure

1.Name the structure 2.What is its function?

9. Which beaker(S) contains a solution that is hypertonic relative to the bag A B C D E 10. What will happen to the baggie in the hypertonic solutions?