Organic Chemistry is Based on the Structure of Carbon

Organic Chemistry Carbohydrates –Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Lipids –Composed mostly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Proteins –Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,nitrogen Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA –Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) –Composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups

Carbohydrates Monosaccharides –Simple sugars: glucose, fructose, galactose Disaccharides –Two simple sugars bound together by dehydration: sucrose, lactose, maltose Polysaccharides –Long chains of many monosaccharides: glycogen in animals; starch and cellulose in plants

Monosaccharides

Lipids Lipids: Can be dissolved in nonpolar organic solvents as alcohol or acetone but relatively insoluble in water –Fats: Ingested and broken down by hydrolysis –Triglycerides: composed of glycerol and fatty acids –Phospholipids: Important structural component of cell membranes –Steroids: Cholesterol, bile salts, estrogen, testosterone –Fat-soluble Vitamins

Functions of Lipids in the Body Protection - pads organs Insulation - prevents heat loss Regulation - hormonal regulation (steroids and prostaglandin) Vitamins - wound healing, clotting, Ca regulation Structure - cell membrane component Energy - storage in fat

Classes of Proteins Structural – hair, tendons, etc. Contractile - muscle Storage – energy source Defensive - antibodies Transport – hemoglobin, movement across membrane Signal - hormones Enzyme – regulate physiological processes

Enzyme Action Enzymes: Protein catalysts –Lock-and-key model –Active site –Cofactors –Coenzymes

Proteins Amino acids: The building blocks of protein Peptide bonds: Covalent bonds formed between amino acids during protein synthesis Structure –Primary –Secondary –Tertiary –Quatrenary

Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid –Genetic material of cells copied from one generation to next –Composed of 2 strands of nucleotides Each nucleotide contains one of the organic bases of adenine or guanine which are purines and thymine or cystosine which are pyrimidines RNA: Ribonucleic acid –Similar to a single strand of DNA Four different nucleotides make up organic bases except thymine is replaced with uracil (pyrimidine)

DNA Structure

Nucleotides and Nitrogenous Bases

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Energy currency of the body Provides energy for other chemical reactions as anabolism or drive cell processes as muscle contraction All energy-requiring chemical reactions stop when there is inadequate ATP