Macromolecules

Go to Section: Molecules 1. Molecule: 2 or more atoms chemically bonded together a. The atoms may be the same such as in the O 2 molecule b. The atoms may be different such as in the CO 2 or H 2 0 molecule Slide # 2

Biomolecules 1. Organic molecule: usually produced by an organism EX: fats, proteins, & sugars carbon based 2. Inorganic molecule: does not contain more than 1 carbon atom EX: H 2 O, NaCl, CO 2 3. Biomolecule: a large molecule produced by a living thing EX: carbohydrate, lipid, protein, nucleic acid All have more than 1 carbon atom, they are all organic molecules. Slide # 3

Monomers and Polymers Polymers: larger molecule made from monomers Monomer: small units; join & make larger molecules Elements & ratio of elements Monosachharides Carbohydrates (polysachharides) C, H, O Ratio: CH 2 O Fatty acids & glycerol Lipids C, H, O Ratio: CH 2 very sm # of O Proteins Amino acids (20 different ones) C, H, O, N, (S) Nucleic acids Nucleotides (5 different ones) C, H, O, N, & P Slide # 4

1. Monomer: Monosaccharides: a. Glucose, galactose, fructose 2. Functions: a. main source of energy (glucose) b. Animal store excess glucose as glycogen. c. Plants store excess glucose as starch d. Plants use cellulose (complex carbohydrate) to strengthen cell walls e. Human use cellulose for fiber in the diet 4. Diet: Fruits, vegetables, breads, & cereals Carbohydrates Slide # 5

Disaccharides 1. Disaccharides are small sugars made up of 2 monomer subunits 2. Examples: a. Sucrose (Table sugar) = glucose + fructose b. Lactose (milk sugar) = glucose + galactose c. Maltose = glucose + glucose Lactose Sucrose Slide # 8

Complex Carbohydrates 1. Long chains of sugars 2. Three common carbs are starch, cellulose, and glycogen 3. All 3 are composed of only glucose 4. Different only in the bonding arrangement between glucose subunits Plants store glucose as starch Forms cells walls in plants We can’t digest this! We store glucose as glycogen in our muscle cells! Slide # 9

Dehydration Synthesis 1. Monomers are covalently bonded to form polymers 2. Covalent bonds between monomers always form by dehydration synthesis (making something while losing water) 3. During digestion, water MUST be added to break the covalent bonds to separate individual monomers Slide # 6

Hydrolysis 1. Hydrolysis: adding water to break a larger molecule into a smaller molecule 1 water molecule is needed in order to break 1 sucrose molecule into glucose and fructose Slide # 7

1. Monomers: fatty acids & glycerol 2. Lipids are not soluble in water. This is because water is polar and most lipids are nonpolar. 3. Nonpolar substances are unable to form hydrogen bonds with water (they don’t mix with water) 4. Functions: a. Store energy (body fat) b. Make up biological membranes and waterproof coverings c. Some serve as chemical messengers (steroids) 5. Diet: oils – plants b. Fats – animal fat Go to Section: Lipids Slide # 10

Saturated & Unsaturated Fats 1. Saturated fats: raise blood cholesterol a. Should be limited as much as possible 2. Unsaturated fats: help lower blood cholesterol if they replace saturated fats Slide # 11

1. Monomers: amino acids (20 different kinds!) 2. Structure: made of long chains of amino acids that fold into complex 3-D shapes -- Shape of protein determines its function 3. Functions of Proteins a. Proteins form muscles and hair b. Control chemical reactions (enzymes) c. Help fight disease (anitbodies) d. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries O 2 to body cells 4. Diet: meat, beans, eggs, milk, nuts Go to Section: Proteins Slide # 12

1. Monomer: nucleotide 2. Types & Functions: a. DNA (stores our genetic information) b. RNA (transmits the genetic code to help the body make proteins) 4. Diet: found in unprocessed foods (fresh fruits & vegetables & meats) Nucleic Acids Slide # 14