The Federalists in Power and the Emergence of a Two-Party System

Who did the American people elect as the first president of the United States? George WashingtonGeorge Washington

Who was Washington’s first Secretary of State? Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson

Who was Washington’s first Secretary of the Treasury? Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton

What political party did Thomas Jefferson organize? Democratic-Republican PartyDemocratic-Republican Party

What is a political party? A group of people with similar beliefs about how the government should be runA group of people with similar beliefs about how the government should be run

What was another name for Jefferson’s Democratic-Republican Party? RepublicansRepublicans

What political party did Alexander Hamilton organize? The Federalist PartyThe Federalist Party

What is the cabinet? Heads of the executive departmentsHeads of the executive departments Official advisers to the presidentOfficial advisers to the president

What does the Secretary of State do? Oversees the nation’s relations with foreign countriesOversees the nation’s relations with foreign countries Handles foreign affairsHandles foreign affairs

What does the Secretary of the Treasury do? Advises the president on economic issues, like taxes and government financeAdvises the president on economic issues, like taxes and government finance

What is strict construction of the Constitution? An interpretation of the Constitution believing that the powers of the federal government are strictly definedAn interpretation of the Constitution believing that the powers of the federal government are strictly defined

What is loose construction of the Constitution? An interpretation of the Constitution believing that the federal government has broad powersAn interpretation of the Constitution believing that the federal government has broad powers

Did Jefferson believe in strict or loose construction of the Constitution? Strict constructionStrict construction

Did Hamilton believe in strict or loose construction of the Constitution? Loose constructionLoose construction

What clause of the Constitution allows Congress “to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper” to carry out those powers that are listed in the Constitution? The Elastic ClauseThe Elastic Clause

According to Alexander Hamilton, what specified powers would the Bank of the United States help Congress carry out?

Collecting taxesCollecting taxes Borrowing moneyBorrowing money Paying the public debtPaying the public debt Regulating commerce (trade)Regulating commerce (trade)

Who led the Democratic- Republican Party? Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson James MadisonJames Madison

What were five beliefs of the Democratic- Republican Party?

Strict construction of the ConstitutionStrict construction of the Constitution A weak national government (relative to the power of the states)A weak national government (relative to the power of the states) Strong state governmentsStrong state governments An economy based on agriculture (farming)An economy based on agriculture (farming) A pro-French foreign policyA pro-French foreign policy

Who supported the Democratic-Republican Party? FarmersFarmers Artisans (skilled craftsmen)Artisans (skilled craftsmen) Frontier settlersFrontier settlers

In what region of the United States was the Democratic- Republican Party strongest? SouthSouth

Who led the Federalist Party? Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton John AdamsJohn Adams

What were five beliefs of the Federalist Party?

Loose construction of the ConstitutionLoose construction of the Constitution A strong national governmentA strong national government A national bankA national bank A commercial economy (based on manufacturing and trade)A commercial economy (based on manufacturing and trade) A pro-British foreign policyA pro-British foreign policy

What groups supported the Federalist Party? BankersBankers BusinessmenBusinessmen

In what region of the nation was the Federalist Party strongest? The NortheastThe Northeast

Which political party supported the Jay Treaty? The FederalistsThe Federalists

What was the most important provision (part) of the Jay Treaty?

Great Britain agreed to evacuate or leave its forts in the Ohio Valley and retreat to the boundary line set by the treaty that ended the Revolutionary WarGreat Britain agreed to evacuate or leave its forts in the Ohio Valley and retreat to the boundary line set by the treaty that ended the Revolutionary War

Who followed George Washington as president? John AdamsJohn Adams

What was President Adams’ policy towards France? An undeclared naval war against FranceAn undeclared naval war against France

What were three results of Adams’ policy towards France?

Maintained peace with FranceMaintained peace with France Preserved the honor of the United StatesPreserved the honor of the United States Made Adams less popular among members of his own Federalist Party, who wanted the United States to declare war against FranceMade Adams less popular among members of his own Federalist Party, who wanted the United States to declare war against France

Who was the most important Chief Justice of the Supreme Court during the early years of the United States? John MarshallJohn Marshall

What was John Marshall’s political party and what was his home state? FederalistFederalist VirginiaVirginia

How did the Supreme Court decisions under John Marshall strengthen the federal courts? Made the federal courts an independent and equal branch of the United States governmentMade the federal courts an independent and equal branch of the United States government

What is judicial review? The power of the courts to declare a law unconstitutionalThe power of the courts to declare a law unconstitutional

What is a precedent? An example for future actionAn example for future action

What were three important decisions by the Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall?

Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison McCulloch v. MarylandMcCulloch v. Maryland Gibbons v. OgdenGibbons v. Ogden

How did the Supreme Court in the case of Marbury v. Madison? Declared a federal law unconstitutionalDeclared a federal law unconstitutional

What precedent did Marbury v. Madison set? Judicial ReviewJudicial Review

Why is judicial review so important to the Supreme Court? Gives the Supreme Court its main check on the power of CongressGives the Supreme Court its main check on the power of Congress

What doctrine did the Supreme Court set forth in its McCulloch v. Maryland decision? Doctrine of implied powersDoctrine of implied powers

What two legal questions were involved in the McCulloch case?

1) Did Congress have the authority to establish the Bank of the United States?1) Did Congress have the authority to establish the Bank of the United States? 2) Did the Maryland law taxing the BUS unconstitutionally interfere with congressional powers?2) Did the Maryland law taxing the BUS unconstitutionally interfere with congressional powers?

What two points did the Supreme Court make in McCulloch v. Maryland?

1) Congress had the power to create the BUS.1) Congress had the power to create the BUS. 2) Maryland could not tax agencies of the national government, which carried out constitutional powers. 2) Maryland could not tax agencies of the national government, which carried out constitutional powers.

What did Chief Justice Marshall say about implied powers in the McCulloch Decision?

Congress possessed implied powers that the Constitution did not specifically mention.Congress possessed implied powers that the Constitution did not specifically mention.

What laws did Chief Justice Marshall declare to be supreme in the McCulloch Decision?

The Constitution and federal lawsThe Constitution and federal laws Federal laws override state constitutions and state laws.Federal laws override state constitutions and state laws.

How did the Marshall Court rule on the Maryland state law that taxed the Baltimore branch of the Second Bank of the United States?

The Maryland state law that taxed the BUS was unconstitutional.The Maryland state law that taxed the BUS was unconstitutional.

Who wrote, “The Power to tax is the power to destroy”?

Chief Justice John MarshallChief Justice John Marshall

What did the case of Gibbons v. Ogden involve?

the state of New York’s regulations for steamboats, which did business between New York and another state New Jerseythe state of New York’s regulations for steamboats, which did business between New York and another state New Jersey

How did the Supreme Court rule in the case of Gibbons v. Ogden?

that the federal government had complete control over interstate commercethat the federal government had complete control over interstate commerce

What is interstate commerce? trade between statestrade between states

What doctrine did the Marshall Court use to settle disagreements between different branches of the national government?

the doctrine of judicial review in Marbury v. Madisonthe doctrine of judicial review in Marbury v. Madison

What doctrine did the Marshall Court use to settle disagreements between the federal government and the states?

the doctrine of implied powers in McCulloch v. Marylandthe doctrine of implied powers in McCulloch v. Maryland

In what case did the Marshall Court provide the foundation block for the Supreme Court to settle disagreements between competing business interests?

Gibbons v. OgdenGibbons v. Ogden