1. The Federalists in Power and the Emergence of a Two-Party System

2. Who did the American people elect as the first president of the United States?
George Washington

3. Who was Washington’s first Secretary of State?
Thomas Jefferson

4. Who was Washington’s first Secretary of the Treasury?
Alexander Hamilton

5. What political party did Thomas Jefferson organize?
Democratic-Republican Party

6. What is a political party?
A group of people with similar beliefs about how the government should be run

7. What was another name for Jefferson’s Democratic-Republican Party?
Republicans

8. What political party did Alexander Hamilton organize?
The Federalist Party

9. What is the cabinet? Heads of the executive departments
Official advisers to the president

10. What does the Secretary of State do?
Oversees the nation’s relations with foreign countries
Handles foreign affairs

11. What does the Secretary of the Treasury do?
Advises the president on economic issues, like taxes and government finance

12. What is strict construction of the Constitution?
An interpretation of the Constitution believing that the powers of the federal government are strictly defined

13. What is loose construction of the Constitution?
An interpretation of the Constitution believing that the federal government has broad powers

14. Did Jefferson believe in strict or loose construction of the Constitution?
Strict construction

15. Did Hamilton believe in strict or loose construction of the Constitution?

16. What clause of the Constitution allows Congress “to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper” to carry out those powers that are listed in the Constitution?
The Elastic Clause

17. According to Alexander Hamilton, what specified powers would the Bank of the United States help Congress carry out?

18. Collecting taxes
Borrowing money
Paying the public debt
Regulating commerce (trade)

19. Who led the Democratic-Republican Party?
Thomas Jefferson
James Madison

20. What were five beliefs of the Democratic-Republican Party?

21. Strict construction of the Constitution
A weak national government (relative to the power of the states)
Strong state governments
An economy based on agriculture (farming)
A pro-French foreign policy

22. Who supported the Democratic-Republican Party?
Farmers
Artisans (skilled craftsmen)
Frontier settlers

23. In what region of the United States was the Democratic-Republican Party strongest?
South

24. Who led the Federalist Party?
Alexander Hamilton
John Adams

25. What were five beliefs of the Federalist Party?

26. Loose construction of the Constitution
A strong national government
A national bank
A commercial economy (based on manufacturing and trade)
A pro-British foreign policy

27. What groups supported the Federalist Party?
Bankers
Businessmen

28. In what region of the nation was the Federalist Party strongest?
The Northeast

29. What treaty aimed at settling commercial and boundary disputes between the United States and Great Britain?

30. The Jay Treaty
Also called Jay’s Treaty

31. Which political party supported the Jay Treaty?
The Federalists

32. What was the most important provision (part) of the Jay Treaty?

33. Great Britain agreed to evacuate or leave its forts in the Ohio Valley and retreat to the boundary line set by the treaty that ended the Revolutionary War

34. Who followed George Washington as president?
John Adams

35. What was President Adams’ policy towards France?
An undeclared naval war against France

36. What were three results of Adams’ policy towards France?

37. Maintained peace with France
Preserved the honor of the United States
Made Adams less popular among members of his own Federalist Party, who wanted the United States to declare war against France

38. Who was the most important Chief Justice of the Supreme Court during the early years of the United States?
John Marshall

39. What was John Marshall’s political party and what was his home state?
Federalist
Virginia

40. How did the Supreme Court decisions under John Marshall strengthen the federal courts?
Made the federal courts an independent and equal branch of the United States government

41. What is judicial review?
The power of the courts to declare a law unconstitutional

42. What is a precedent?
An example for future action

43. What were three important decisions by the Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall?

44. Marbury v. Madison
McCulloch v. Maryland
Gibbons v. Ogden

45. How did the Supreme Court rule in the case of Marbury v. Madison?
Declared a federal law unconstitutional

46. What precedent did Marbury v. Madison set?
Judicial Review

47. Why is judicial review so important to the Supreme Court?
Gives the Supreme Court its main check on the power of Congress

48. Doctrine of implied powers
What doctrine did the Supreme Court set forth in its McCulloch v. Maryland decision?
Doctrine of implied powers

49. What two legal questions were involved in the McCulloch case?

50. 1) Did Congress have the authority to establish the Bank of the United States?
2) Did the Maryland law taxing the BUS unconstitutionally interfere with congressional powers?

51. What two points did the Supreme Court make in McCulloch v. Maryland?

52. 1) Congress had the power to create the BUS.
2) Maryland could not tax agencies of the national government, which carried out constitutional powers.

53. What did Chief Justice Marshall say about implied powers in the McCulloch Decision?

54. Congress possessed implied powers that the Constitution did not specifically mention.

55. What laws did Chief Justice Marshall declare to be supreme in the McCulloch Decision?

56. The Constitution and federal laws
Federal laws override state constitutions and state laws.

57. How did the Marshall Court rule on the Maryland state law that taxed the Baltimore branch of the Bank of the United States?

58. The Maryland state law that taxed the BUS was unconstitutional.

59. Who wrote, “The Power to tax is the power to destroy”?

60. Chief Justice John Marshall

61. What did the case of Gibbons v. Ogden involve?

62. the state of New York’s regulations for steamboats, which did business between New York and another state New Jersey

63. How did the Supreme Court rule in the case of Gibbons v. Ogden?

64. that the federal government had complete control over interstate commerce

65. What is interstate commerce?
trade between states

66. What doctrine did the Marshall Court use to settle disagreements between different branches of the national government?

67. the doctrine of judicial review in Marbury v. Madison

68. What doctrine did the Marshall Court use to settle disagreements between the federal government and the states?

69. the doctrine of implied powers in McCulloch v. Maryland

70. In what case did the Marshall Court provide the foundation block for the Supreme Court to settle disagreements between competing business interests?

71. Gibbons v. Ogden

72. What Supreme Court decision set forth a broadly national view of economic affairs?

73. Gibbons v. Ogden