“New Imperialism” By Aiden Williams Mr. Books AP European History Mariemont High School

Motives for Imperialism Superiority –Technology Agriculture and Mining Transportation (Railroads, Bridges, Harbors) Communication (Telegraph) Weapons –Civilization Less industrialized nations

Motives for Imperialism (cont.) Economic gain? –New markets –More raw materials Moral Duty –“Backward peoples” –Christianity

Scramble for Africa

Scramble for Africa Late 1870s-1900 Motives—Why Africa? –Raw materials Ivory, Rubber, Minerals, Diamonds, Gold –Economic & Political Competition –Religion and Culture

The Berlin Congress ( ) Led by Otto von Bismarck Map out Africa to divide among Europe Rule: Stop slavery & slave trade

Berlin Congress (cont.)

North Africa Late 19 th Century –Still part of Ottoman Empire –Economic penetration (investments, loans) –Diplomatic pressure By WWI –Europe controlled North Africa France: Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco Italy: Libya Britain: Egypt

The Importance of Egypt Cotton –Semi-independent under Ottoman control –European creditors (harbors, roads, army) –American Civil War Suez Canal –Opens 1869 –Reduces distance to India by 5,000 miles

The Suez Canal

The Belgian Congo King Leopold II ( ) of Belgium –Belgium vs. Leopold’s interests –International African Association (1876) Henry Morton Stanley Humanitarian? –Slave labor, intimidation, torture, mutilation, mass murder –Belgium Takeover (1908) Heart of Darkness (1902)

Southern Africa Resources –Fertile pastures/farmland, coal, iron ore, gold, diamonds, copper History and Warfare –Napoleonic Wars British takeover of Dutch territory (Boers) –Boer War ( ) British forces eventually defeated Boers; in 1910 the Transvaal, Orange Free State, Cape Colony, & Natal combined to form the Union of South Africa.

Southern Africa (cont.) Apartheid under British rule –Native resistance in establishing colonies in South Africa, Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe –European minority guaranteed power over nonwhite majority –“Colored” forbidden to own land, vote, or have power

The Opium Wars ( ) Where did the British get Opium? –Poppies in India Why was it a problem? –Addiction –Opium Dens –Illegal trading What happened next? –Daoguang Emperor sent Lin Zexu to investigate

The Opium War ( ) Lin Zexu impounds and/or destroys 20,000 chests British angered and attacked forts Treaty of Nanking (1842) –5 ports opened –$21 million indemnities –British given Hong Kong –Tariff –Extraterritoriality –Most Favored Nation

Taiping Rebellion ( ) Hong Xinquan invents new religion –Failed scholar –Believes he is the lost brother of Jesus Followers form army –Fight Manchu government forces –Approximately 20 million died Hong Xinquan overtakes and controls land Manchus finally put down rebellion –British involvement

The Second Opium War ( ) Chinese board a British ship (The Arrow) British and French forces attack Beijing Beijing burns, the Emperor Xianfeng flees Treaty of Beijing (1860) –10 more ports open/China opened internally –Millions in indemnities –Missionaries –British take Kowloon

European “Spheres of Influence”

U.S. Involvement in Asia The Open Door Policy –American policy regarding China All nations were to respect all treaties in/with China All nations received the same rates of trade Nobody can alter the Chinese tariff –Results Nobody legally agreed, but everyone honored Guaranteed that China remain independent

The Boxer Rebellion (1900) What is a Boxer? –Buddhist martial arts group –Patriotic Chinese nationalists against Western encroachment What happened? –In 55 days, foreign compounds surrounding Beijing were attacked and the city was taken –War “declared” on Western world –Boxers suppressed and brutally massacred –Prisoners guarded by soldiers of the Sixth United States Cavalry, 1901

Consequences of the Boxer Rebellion Treaty (1901) –Biggest indemnity in Chinese history (approx. $1 Billion) –Americans awarded money Sponsored Chinese students to study in U.S. –4 th Open Door Note added China’s sovereignty must be respected

Japan Unlike China, Japan is able to resist imperial forces –Why? 1853 Commodore Matthew Perry opens Japan to trade –Minimal trade allowed before then

War in the Balkans 1873: Three Emperors’ League –Germany, Austria, Russia 1877: Russo-Turkish War –Russia wanted to regain control Balkans Pan-Slavism –Treaty of San Stefano (March 1878) Slavic states freed from Ottoman rule Russia obtained Balkans + indemnity –Austria and Britain feared Russian power Jingoism

Congress of Berlin (June/July 1878) Otto von Bismarck volunteered to mediate Resolutions: –Russia left the conference with little despite defeating the Turks –Recognition of Rumania, Serbia and Montenegro as independent states –Establishment of the autonomous principality of Bulgaria (still within Ottoman Empire) –Austrian acquisition of Bosnia and Herzegovina –Transfer of Cyprus to Great Britain, not far from the Suez Canal.

Triple Alliance (1882-WWI) Military alliance –Germany Austria-Hungary, Italy –Italy joins to defend itself against France Disagreement in Germany –Bismarck’s foreign policy –Goals of Kaiser William II

Triple Entente Entente = French for “agreement” –Britain, French Third Republic, and Russia –Formed from the Anglo-Russian Entente (1907) Rivalry between Britain and Germany –Britain’s “splendid isolation” / neutrality –Naval/militaristic rivalry –Economic rivalry