3 ©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Theory Building MM6007 Research Method in Management Theory

©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. What is a Theory? Theory A formal, logical explanation of some events that includes predictions or how things relate to one another. Positive (+) / Negative (-) Types of Relationship Causal relationship (Direction of Causality) Positive (+) relationship: If A increases, B will increase Negative (-) relationship: If A increases, B will decrease A A B B Concept

©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Examples of a Theory Why do people who have self-confidence tend to be more successful than people who don’t have self-confidence? 3–3 Self- confidence Success Positive (+)

©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Examples of a Theory Self-efficacy theory: Self efficacy is the belief in one's capabilities to achieve a goal. People with high self-efficacy tend to: ◗ …believe that difficult tasks are not beyond their capabilities. ◗ …form a stronger sense of commitment to their tasks. 3–4 Self- confidence Success Self-efficacy theory Positive (+)

©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Examples of a Theory Why do some people who come out of jail turn to be worse than when they were going in? 3–5 Experience in Jail Morality Negative (-)

©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Examples of a Theory Social learning theory: Social learning theory states that “social behavior is learned primarily by observing and imitating the actions of others”. 3–6 Experience in Jail Morality Social learning theory Negative(-)

©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3–7 Research Concepts Concept (or Construct) A generalized idea about a class of objects, attributes, occurrences or process that has been given a name. ◗ Examples:  Self confidence  Experience  Success  Motivation  Economic development  Profitability  Customer satisfaction  Facebook

©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3–8 Ladder of Abstraction Organization of concepts in sequence from the most concrete and individual to the most general. 1.Abstract Level (General, Cannot be measured easily) ◗ The level of knowledge expressing a concept that exists only as an idea or a quality apart from an object. 2.Empirical Level (Specific, Can be measured) ◗ The level of knowledge that is verifiable by experience or observation. Ladder of Abstraction Intelligence Ladder of Abstraction Cognitive Intelligence Emotional Intelligence Intelligence quotient (IQ) Emotional Quotient (EQ)

©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Research Propositions and Hypotheses The terms "proposition" and "hypothesis" both refer to the formulation of a possible answer to a specific scientific question. They deals with the connection between two existing concepts. The main difference Proposition deals with pure concepts for which no laboratory test is currently available. Hypothesis must be testable and measurable.

©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Research Propositions and Hypotheses Propositions Statements explaining the logical linkage among certain concepts by asserting a universal connection between concepts. Cars Air Pollution Concept Proposition Positive (+) Example: The impact of cars on air pollution Proposition: Cars cause more air pollution.

©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Research Propositions and Hypotheses Hypothesis Formal statement of an unproven proposition that is empirically testable.

©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Research Propositions and Hypotheses Number of Cars Amount of CO Cars Air Pollution Concept Proposition Hypothesis Variable Operationalization Positive (+) Example: The impact of cars on air pollution

©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Research Propositions and Hypotheses Number of Cars Amount of CO Cars Air Pollution Concept Proposition Hypothesis Variable Positive (+) Hypothesis: As the numbers of car increases, the amount of carbon monoxide tends to increase. Proposition: Cars cause more air pollution.

©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3–14 Empirical Testing Examining a research hypothesis against reality using data.

©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Empirical Testing 3–15 YearNumber of cars (million)CO measurement (ppm)

©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3–16 Types of reasoning in research Reasoning is the process of making inferences from a body of information Deductive reasoning Inductive reasoning

©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3–17 Deductive reasoning The logical process of deriving a conclusion about a specific instance based on a known general premise or something known to be true. This is called the “top-down” approach because the researcher starts at the top with a very broad spectrum of information and they work their way down to a specific conclusion.

©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3–18 Deductive Reasoning Thai people can sing Thai national anthem. Since Ms. Netchanok is Thai Ms. Soraya is Thai Mr. Tanawat is Thai Then… Ms. Netchanok, Ms. Soraya, and Mr. Tanawat can sing Thai national anthem.

©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3–19 Deductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning is normally used in quantitative research. It is usually used for theory testing.

©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Deductive Reasoning (example) The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is an information systems theory that models how users come to accept and use a technology. Perceived Usefulness Perceived Usefulness Perceived Ease of use Perceived Ease of use Attitude towards Using a Technology Attitude towards Using a Technology + +

©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Deductive Reasoning (example) Theory of TAM (general information) Perceived Usefulness and Perceive ease of use will lead to Intention to use “technology”. Specific information Facebook is related to technology. Hypothesis Perceived Usefulness and Perceive ease of use will lead to Intention to use Facebook. 3–21

©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3–22 Deductive Reasoning Perceived Usefulness and Perceive ease of use will lead to Intention to use “technology” Since Facebook is related to technology……. Perceived Usefulness and Perceive ease of use will lead to Intention to use “Facebook” Collect data to test the hypothesis If the data support the hypothesis, you can conclude that the theory is verified.

©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3–23 Inductive reasoning The logical process of establishing a general proposition on the basis of observation of particular facts. This is sometimes called a “bottom up” approach.

©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3–24 Inductive Reasoning Inductive reasoning is normally used in scientific and qualitative research. It is usually used for theory building.

©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Can we always trust a theory? The validity of the theory is context-specific time-specific 3–25

©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Presentation Assignment Teamwork: no more than 3 members in a group. Please also name your team. Pick one “Quantitative paper” that contain the hypotheses. Make sure the hypotheses mention about the “relationship between concepts”. Additional requirement for Ph.D. students The paper must contains the analysis of the “Moderating effect” or “Mediating effect”. 3–26

©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Presentation Assignment What must be covered in the presentation? The main idea of the paper. The objective(s) of the study. Provide the definition of the main concepts in the hypothesis. For example, if the hypothesis mentions that A positively relates to B, you have to provide the definition of A and B. Provide the logical reasons that the paper uses to support the hypotheses. If the paper use the theory to support the hypothesis, please also mention about the theory. 3–27

©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Presentation Assignment Presentation date: June 6, 2015 Please send me the paper that you will use for the presentation by May You can send me up to 3 papers so that I can help you pick the most suitable one. Make sure you pick the paper that everyone in your team can understand. 3–28

©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Ph.D. Assignment week 2 Pick 1 theory in any field (that is not mentioned in the lecture and class note). Write 1 page summary about: Who introduce the theory? What the theory is about? Provide 3 examples of how the theory is applied to explain any phenomenon in research. Due date: May 30, –29