2.1 The Inca

Inca Settled along the pacific coast of South America: parts of Colombia, Peru, Chile, Bolivia, Argentina and Ecuador Empire at its peak from s

Workings of the Empire Government –Emperor ( Sapa Inca) was a descendant of the sun god Inti –80 provinces within the empire –At its height about 12 million people in the empire

Society Families were organized into groups based on kinship, blood relationship, and common land ownership Incas married within their kinship groups Worked together and shared land and resources Leader of each family worked for the empire for a few months as builders, farmers, craftsman or foot soldiers

Inca Achievements Terraced farms Irrigation canals Suspension bridges System of roads Machu Pichu ( giant walls, terraces, sloping ramps and steep staircases)

Fall of the Inca Empire Internal conflicts between provinces A weak economy Attacked by the Spanish

2.2 Nasca Culture Lived in a desert plateau in southern Peru, around 2,000 years ago Left beautiful ceramics and the Nasca lines( geoglphs) One of the first complex societies Probably forced out or migrated because of their rivals the Wari

2.3 People of the Lowlands Settled lowlands along the Orinoco River and surrounding grasslands, the Amazon Basin and the Paraguay River Basin Rivers provided abundant wildlife, vegetation, and fish Grand Chaco, which is a flood plain in Paraguay River basin provides rich soil

Development of Agriculture First people were hunters and gathers( nomads) Hunted wildlife, fished and gathered fruits and plants 3000BC people began to farm and produce a stable food source. They then built villages and lived a settled lifestyle

Guarani Lived in the lowlands next to the Paraguay and Parana Rivers Used slash and burn to clear land and plant crops( corn, root vegetables, sweet potatoes and cassava) Hunted animals and fished the rivers

Tupinamba Settled the area near the mouth of the Amazon River Cultivated crops using slash and burn Hunted river mammals and turtles Fished

Yanomami Settled Amazon River basin and are still hunter gatherers today Use slash and burn agriculture, but migrated to the north central lowlands for more frtile land

2.4 The Spanish in South America Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas Drew a line on the map that divided the newly discovered area between the two countries. Spain – west, Portugal- east Spain conquered most of South America, after Columbus landed on the northern coast in 1498

Spanish Conquests Spain was looking for gold, silver and land to expand its empire Francisco Pizarro overthrew the Incas and emperor Atahualpa Founded the city of Lima, Peru which became the center of the Spanish government and empire Other conquistadors explored and conquered Colombia, Chile, and transformed most of the continent

Impact on Natives Deadly diseases like small pox, measles, and influenza killed millions Many were enslaved and forced to work on plantations, ranches and in the mines Many were also forced by the missionaries to convert to Christianity

Brazil and the Slave Trade Portuguese were much slower to colonize Brazil- 2 decades Wanted brazil wood and sugarcane Tried enslaving natives, but overwork and disease killed many Turned to Africa for a labor source Continuous trade of slaves by Portuguese from s

Portuguese Wealth Brazil’s resources and slave labor made many wealthy Coffee, and sugarcane plantations Gold and diamond mines Slave trade- bought and sold 5 million slaves

2.6 Simon Bolivar South America had been ruled by Spain for more than 300 years 1810 Bolivar returns from Europe and starts an independence movement in Venezuela Bolivar flees and lives in exile in Jamaica returned and led the people through speeches and as a general in the army Called “the Liberator” or the George Washington of South America