Drift towards Total War assassination of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand European nations: joined by Ottomans, Japan, US supported by their colonies.

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Presentation transcript:

Drift towards Total War assassination of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand European nations: joined by Ottomans, Japan, US supported by their colonies Total War altered political landscape: destroyed dynasties successful socialist revolution promoted nationalism in colonies

Challenging modernity: dissonance in Europe and the world

Le Sacre du printemps: Igor Stravinsky Henry Matisse ‘the Dance’ ►

Nicholas Roerich: set design for ballet Ukrainian artist and peace activist

Nationalisms and War middle classes, liberalism socialism, science nationalism and self- determination Britain vs. Germany popular opinion

Lead-up to war Moroccan (Agadir) Crises Tripolitan War Balkan Crisesirredentalism Other crises:Boer War Boxer Crisis Russo-Japanese War

Count Alfred von Schlieffen General Helmuth von Moltke

British lines east of Zillebeke, Belgium 1917

Lower-ranked officers ‘the body of a Greek and the soul of a Christian knight’ – Rugby College middle class ideals – ready to engage in, really, suicidal behavior sportsmanship and war ‘l’égoïsme anglais’

Who were these non-elite? ‘non-elite’: school teachers coal miners bank clerkssome farmers lesser gentry urban middle classes Social mixer Racial mixer

Non-European

Recruitment: regionally, but also locally good for morale within ranks perhaps, reproduced class conflicts between ranks; and devastating 1. postmaster platoon Battalion Middlesex Regiment or the ‘Die Hards’ formed end of Winnipeg ‘Valour Road’

Voicing Protest reflex response: “it is best to stop thinking” spirit of ‘right’ behavior humor 20 March 1918 “Go cootie hunting after sleeping without any underpants because of these pests.”

‘Over The Top’. 1st Artists’ Rifles at Marcoing, 30 December 1917 John Nash, RA IWM ART 1656 ‘Gassed’ John Singer Sargent, RA IWM ART 1460

Military landscape read as protest Preserving the ‘offensive spirit’ attacks were reported as having ‘aroused dismay’ in ranks ‘Steel harvest – IWM’ 1. soldiers against officers 2. use of poetry and literature 3. shell shock

Ungentlemanly ‘total war’: the home front Women Work and independence clothes Vote Labour politics

Ending a ‘total war’ mobilize all to win; attack all to beat civilians became targets: the Lusitania navy less for strategy, more to blockade *** by 2009 an act of war *** Propaganda to demonize ‘the enemy’ Whoever’s resources run out loses