1. The Resisting Violence Project presents: A panel discussion on sexual violence in our community. With four speakers from different backgrounds and different experiences with the topic, this event aims to raise awareness about sexual violence and what can be done to end it. Thursday 15 November, 7pm Schwartz 156

2. ‘Throne of weapons’ BM collection 2001; Mozambique

3. Drift towards Total War assassination of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand European nations: joined by Ottomans, Japan, US supported by their colonies Total War altered political landscape: destroyed dynasties successful socialist revolution promoted nationalism in colonies

4. Nationalisms and War middle classes, liberalism socialism, science Nationalism and self- determination Pan-Slavism (irredentalism) Britain vs. Germany popular opinion

5. Lead-up to war Imperial 1. 1. Moroccan (Agadir) Crises 2. 2. Tripolitan War 3. 3. Balkan Crises 4. 4. Other crises:Boer War Boxer Crisis Russo-Japanese War

6. Count Alfred von Schlieffen General Helmuth von Moltke

7. British lines east of Zillebeke, Belgium 1917

8. 2 nd Lahore Light infantry Colonial troops in Europe & the war outside of Europe Experience of War: Colonial/Imperial

9. WWI and its Effect on reform in South Asia India ‘declared to be in a state of war’ exodus of ICS, army (15 000) and Europeans civilians politically, professionally, ‘their chance’ support for the effort – with expectation of Home Rule increased radical action 2 million men; £ 100 million ‘gift’ rise in Muslim nationalism – allied with Congress 1916 In active service fought, wounded and died alongside fellow critics of British rule enjoyed the pleasures of Europe – no divide nationalism

10. Does spilled blood make citizens? As with other colonies: men volunteered for pay pride in community protect nation connection to the Crown Unlike settler colonies: no dominion status

11. The War in Africa Two phases: 1. 1. knock out German offensive capabilities in Africa 2. 2. occupy German territories Lomé in Togo Duala in Karerun Swakopmund and Lüderitz Bay in SWAfrika East Afrika

12. Kamerun monument to French dead, Duala

13. German East Africa

14. Colonial Administration Former British Administrators – Nigerian Regiment (1918) Henry Rider Haggard German Mission School, SW Africa(1859-1925) General Smuts inspection

15. Africans in the War

16. Recruitment

17. Results Anti-colonial movements Economic:depressions famine New technologies and infrastructure Demography and social structure: new opportunities modern nationalism influenza

18. Bengal Lancers, Palestine, c. 1918 Turning point Africa reordered: Germany out France in Cameroon Britain in Togo German East Africa Union of South Africa and SW Africa Belgium in Rwanda and Burundi Ethnic tensions in specific regions Aim of resistances changed – ‘quiet’ for roughly 20 years WWII then changes

19. What does ‘quiet’ look like: internationalism, western/non-western peoples and the mandate system a. Rough justice: violence to control demob., etc. b. League of Nations – Mandate system: territories established under Article 22 previously controlled by states defeated in WWI different from the protectorates formal removal of sovereignty of previous states transfer of powers to individual states of Allied Powers

20. Class A mandates Iraq, Palestine, Syria Lebanon, Hatay Class B mandates Rwanda-Urundi, Tanganyika, Zanzibar, Kamerun, Togoland, Class C mandates former German New Guinea Nauru, German Samoa, South Pacific Mandate, South-West Africa nearly all the former mandates were sovereign states by 1990

21. Conclusion British empire its largest post-WWI And arguably, ‘eight-knives’ embroidery – Hausa, 1860s Sokoto Caliphate, British Museum British empire its most oppressive post-WWI