WARNING Is a life – threatening condition When large amounts of fats are metabolized for energy.(the body uses fat instead of glucose for fuel) When fat is broken down, chemicals called KETONES are produced. They get into a person's blood and urine. High levels of KETONES cause the blood to become more acidic. This happens in improper fasting or diet, and high protein diets.

nausea, vomiting, belly pain, fast breathing, and, in severe cases, unconsciousness. The odor of ACETONE can be detected on the persons breath. People with KETOACIDOSIS need to get emergency medical treatment. Symptoms of KETOACIDOSIS

Proper DIET & EXERCISE and MEDICAL Check – up. Monitor a person on a very low-carbohydrate diet. Normally, your body gets the energy it needs from CARBOHYDRATE in your diet. However, stored fat is broken down and KETONES are made if your diet does not contain enough carbohydrate to supply the body with sugar (GLUCOSE) for energy or if your body cannot use blood sugar glucose properly. KETONES test in blood or urine. Precautions

KETONE (pronounced as key tone) is an organic Functional Group characterized by a CARBONYL group (O=C) linked to two other carbon atoms. FUNCTIONAL GROUP in which two organic substituents are bonded to a CARBONYL. KETONE (pronounced as key tone) is an organic Functional Group characterized by a CARBONYL group (O=C) linked to two other carbon atoms. FUNCTIONAL GROUP in which two organic substituents are bonded to a CARBONYL.

R1R1 R2R2 O║CO║C

CH 3 – CH – CH 3 OH → KMnO 4 K 2 Cr 2 O 7 CH 3 – C – CH 3 O║O║ H2OH2O

CH 3 – C ≡ CHH 2 – O → CH 3 – C – CH 3 O║O║

║O║O H3CH3C CH3 – CH – CH3

║O║O H3CH3C OH C ≡ CH

║O║O H3CH3C H3CH3C CH 3 │ C ═ O ║O║O H3CH3C H3CH3COH

CH 3 – C – C – CH 3 O║O║ O║O║

HO – CH 2 – C – CH 2 – OH O║O║

KETONES are water clear, highly mobile liquids with a characteristic odour. They are chemically very stable. Due to the carbonyl group, KETONES are hydrogen acceptors and have an outstanding solvency. This makes KETONES more volatile than alcohols and carboxylic acids of similar molecular weight. A carbonyl group is polar. This makes KETONES polar compounds. The carbonyl groups interact with water by hydrogen bonding, and KETONES are soluble in water.

ClassExampleMolecular weight Boiling Point Solubility in water KetoneACETONE5856 C Soluble Alcohol 2 - propanol 6097 C Soluble AldehydePropanal5849 C Soluble AlkaneButane580 C Insoluble Table of Comparisons Carboxylic Acid Acetic Acid ◦C Infinite

CH 3 – C – CH 3 O║O║

CH 3 – (CH 2 ) 3 – C – (CH 2 ) 2 – CH 3 O║O║

CH 3 – CH – C – CH – CH 3 O║O║ CH 3 3 HC

O║CO║C O║CO║C (CH 2 ) 5 – CH 3

CH 3 – C – CH – C – (CH 2 ) 2 – CH 3 O║O║ (CH 2 ) 4 – CH 3 CH 3 (CH 2 ) 4

CH 2 ═ CH – CH 2 – C – CH 2 – CH 3 O║O║ O║O║ CH 3

CH 3 – CH 2 – CH ≡ CH – C – C – CH 3 O║O║ OH NO 2 O║O║

CH 3 – C – CH 2 – C – CH 3 O║O║ O║O║ CH 3 – C – (CH 2 ) 2 – CH 2 – C – H O║O║ O║O║

O ║ C – CH 3 O ║ C

O ║ C – CH 3 CH 2 O ║ C CH 3 CH 3 CH 2

CH 3 – C – CH 3 O║O║ → + H – H CH 3 – CH – CH 3 OHOH

O║O║ + H – H → OHOH

H+