3. Definition a CARBONYL GROUP is a functional group found in organic compounds composed of a Carbon atom double - bonded to an oxygen atom. ═ C O

4. Family Under CARBONYL GROUP Aldehyde Ketone Carboxylic Acid Ester Amide

6. Definition A compound containing a CARBONYL group bonded to a hydrogen.

9. O ║ C – H

10. CH ═ CH – C – H O║O║

11. O ║ C – H O – CH 3 OH

12. CH 3 – C = CH – CH 2 –CH 2 – C = CH – C – H CH 3 ║ O

32. CARBONYL groups of aldehydes give them sufficient POLARITY. That makes their boiling points higher than those of non – polar organic compounds. But lower compares to alcohol Because no HYDROGEN bonding occurs in ALDEHYDES.

33. Table of Comparisons ClassExampleMolecular weight Boiling Point Solubility in water AlkaneButane580 C Insoluble AldehydePropanal5849 C Soluble AldehydeButanal7276 C Soluble Ketone Propanone58 56 C Soluble Therefore, boiling points of ALDEHYDES are lower than ketone and alcohol but higher compare to alkane. Alcohol 2 - propanol 6097 C Soluble Alcohol 1 - butanol 74118 C Soluble

35. IUPAC NAMECOMMON NAMELATIN WORD GREEK ALPHABET SYMBOL (1) MethanalFormaldehyde(Formica) AntAlpha α (2)EthanalAcetaldehyde(Acetum) VinegarBeta β (3)PropanalPropionaldehyde(Protus/Milk)(Pion/Fats )Gamma γ (4)ButanalButyraldehyde(Butyrum) ButterDelta δ (5)PentanalValeraldehydeValerian RootEpsilon ε (6)HexanalCaproaldehydeGoatsZeta ζ (7)HeptanalEnanthaldehyde(oenanthe) VinesEta η (8) OctanalCaprylaldehaydeGoatsTheta Ө (9) NonanalPelargonaldehyde(an herb) PelargoniumIota ι (10) DecanalCapraldehydeGoatsKappa κ Things 2 remember

36. IUPAC RULES IUPAC rule in naming ALDEHYDES follows the usual pattern. The longest chain carrying the ALDEHYDE functional group is considered the parent structure and named by replacing the – e – of the corresponding ALKANE by – al –. The position of a substituent is indicated by number, the CARBONYL carbon always being considered as C – 1.

37. Are derived from D’ names of the corresponding CARBOXYLIC ACIDS by replacing by replacing – ic – acid by ALDEHYDE. Branched chain ALDEHYDES are named as derivatives of straight – chain aldehydes. To indicate D’ point of attachment, the GREEK letters, α -, β -, γ -, δ -,ε -, ζ -, η -, θ -, ι -, κ, etc., are used; The α – carbon is the one bearing the ALDEHYDE group. COMMON Naming

38. O ║ H – C – H O ║ CH3 – C – H

39. CH 3 – CH 2 – CH 2 – C – H O║O║ CH 3 – (CH 2 ) 5 – C – H O║O║

40. CH 3 – C – CH 2 – CH 2 – C – C – H CH 3 3 HC O║O║

41. CH 3 – CH 2 – CH – CH 2 – CH 3 O ║ C – H

42. CH 3 – CH – C – CH 2 – C – H O║O║ OH NO 2 CH 3

43. CH 3 – (CH 2 ) 3 – C – C – (CH 2 ) 2 – C – H O║O║ 3 HCCH 3 CH 2 – CH 33 HC – 2 HC

44. CH 2 – C – C – C – C – C – H O║O║ OH HH H H

46. CH 3 – CH ═ CH – CH 2 – C – H O║O║ CH 3 – C = CH – CH 2 –CH 2 – C = CH – C – H O║O║ CH 3

47. CH 3 – (CH2) 3 – C – (CH2) 4 – CH ═ CH 2 O ║ C – H CH 2 CH 2 – CH 3

48. CH 3 – C ≡ C – CH ═ CH – CH 2 – C – H O║O║ CH 2 – (CH 2 ) 3 – C ≡ C – CH – (CH 2 ) 2 – CH 3 O ║ C – H Cl

49. O ║ C – H O ║ C – H HO

50. O ║ C – H OH O ║ C – H

51. O ║ C – H O ║ C – H NO 2 3 HC

53. ALDEHYDES undergoes Oxidation Hydrogenation Hemi & Acetal Formation Hydrolysis

54. KMnO 4 K 2 Cr 2 O 7 O ║ CH3 – CH2 – C – H -------- → O ║ CH 3 – CH 2 – C – OH K 2 Cr 2 O 7

55. O ║ C – H -------------- → KMnO 4 O ║ C – OH

56. O ║ CH 3 – CH 2 – C – CH 2 – C – H CH 2 – CH 2 – CH 3 CH 3 – CH 2 ------- → KMnO 4 O ║ CH 3 – CH 2 – C – CH 2 – C – OH CH 2 – CH 2 – CH 3 CH 3 – CH 2

57. Pt/Ni O ║ CH 3 – (CH 2 ) 4 – C – H + H 2 ----- → Pt/Ni OH │ CH 3 – (CH 2 ) 4 – C – H │ H H – H

58. O ║ CH 3 – C – C – H CH 3 + H 2 ----- → Pt/Ni H – H OH │ CH 3 – C – C – H │ H CH 3

59. H+ CH 3 – C – H O ║ + H – O – CH 3 ↔ H+ CH 3 – C – H OH │ O – CH 3 + H – O – CH 3