1. Organic Chemistry
Functional Groups

2. Functional Groups
Carbon can form strong covalent bonds with oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, sulfur and phosphorous
Functional group – an atom or group of atoms substituted on an organic molecule that always react in a certain way
By adding a functional group, the physical and chemical properties of the parent chain are altered

3. Halocarbons Contain a halogen substituent -X R-X = Halocarbon
Alkyl halide - halogen covalently bonded to an aliphatic carbon (carbon that is not part of a benzene ring)
Aryl halide – halogen bonded to an aromatic group

4. difluoroethane

5. Alcohols -OH hydroxyl group R-OH = Alcohol
Oxygen will have 2 lone pairs; hydroxyl group is moderately polar and can form hydrogen bonds
Use a number to indicate position of functional group and change ending to –ol
Use a prefix before –ol for more than one hydroxyl group

6. Alcohols
methanol CH3OH ethanol CH3CH2OH 1-propanol CH3CH2CH2OH 2-propanol CH3CH(OH)CH3 common name: isopropyl alcohol

7. Ethers
Ethers are compounds with two alkyl groups bonded to the same oxygen
General formula: R-O-R or R-O-R’
Oxygen cannot form hydrogen bonds
Volatile & lower boiling points than alcohols
Less soluble in H2O than alcohols

8. Ethers
Naming:
For symmetrical ethers = name alkyl group and add “ether”
For asymmetrical ethers = name 2 alkyl groups and list alphabetically
CH3CH2-O-CH2CH ethyl ether
CH3CH2-O-CH2CH2CH3 ethylpropyl ether

9. Aldehydes and Ketones

10. Aldehydes Carbonyl group located at END of carbon chain
Polar, reactive, & lower boiling points than similar alcohols
Naming: drop “e” at end of parent chain and add “-al”
No numbers are needed unless there is a branched chain or another functional group

11. ethanal
(also called acetaldehyde)

12. Ketones
Carbonyl group located within the carbon chain (not at end of chain)
Polar & less reactive than aldehydes
Naming: drop “e” at end of parent chain and add “-one”
Indicate carbonyl position number in front of the name

13. 2-propanone
(also called acetone)

14. Carboxylic Acids

15. Carboxylic Acids Carboxyl group also written -COOH
Naming: Drop –ane of parent chain and add
“-anoic acid”
Polar, reactive & will ionize in aqueous solution

16. Ethanoic acid
also called acetic acid CH3COOH

17. Esters
In an ester, the hydrogen of the carboxyl group is replaced by an alkyl group
Ester group -COO
Ester RCOOR’
Polar, sweet smelling (fruits and flowers)
Naming: drop the “-ic acid” from the acid and add “–ate”. Name the alkyl group that replaced the hydrogen and place in front of name

18. Methyl ethanoate

19. Amines Amines are derivatives of ammonia
When one or more hydrogens of ammonia is replaced by an alkyl group, an amine is the result.
Like ammonia, amines tend to be basic and have similar odors.

20. Amines

21. Amines Naming add “amine” to end of parent chain
designate amino group by number when necessary
Use prefix in front of “amine” to indicate number of amino groups

22. Ethylamine

23. Amides

24. Amides Nitrogen bonded to carbonyl carbon
Amides are found in natural proteins and some synthetica materials
Naming : drop final “–ane” from alkane and replace with “–yl” and add “amide”

25. Ethylamide

26. Acetaminophen