1. Macromolecules & Functional Groups

2. Functional Groups Small Groups of atoms.
Consistently found together in different biological molecules.
Each functional group has specific chemical properties.
When attached to larger molecules, they give those properties to the larger molecule.
Some molecules contain many different functional groups.
Functional groups determine molecular shape and reactivity.

3. Hydroxyl Formula  -OH Structure  Names of Compounds with this Group
Alcohols
Sugars
Properties
Polar
Attracts Water
Hydrogen bonds with water to help dissolve molecules
Enables Linkage with other molecules by condensation.

4. Keto also called Carbonyl
Formula  -CO
Structure 
Names of Compounds with this Group
Ketones
Aldehydes
Properties
Important in carbohydrates and in energy reactions.
Hydrogen bond acceptors
Polar
Attracts water

5. Aldehyde Formula  -COH Structure  Names of Compounds with this Group
Aldehydes
Properties
Very reactive
Important in building molecules
Important in energy-releasing reactions

6. Carboxyl Formula  -COOH Structure 
Names of Compounds with this Group
Carboxylic Acids
Amino Acids
Properties
Acidic
Ionizes in living tissue
Enters into condensation reactions
Some important in energy releasing reactions.

7. Amino Formula  -NH2 Structure  Names of Compounds with this Group
Amines
Properties
Electronegative N picks up H+.
+1 charge
Forms NH3+
Acts as a base
Enters into condensation reaction by giving up H+

8. Phosphate Formula  -PO4 Structure 
Names of Compounds with this Group
Organic Phosphates
Properties
Acidic
Transfers energy between organic molecules.
Enters into condensation reactions by giving up OH
When bonded to another phosphate, hydrolysis releases much energy.

9. sulfhydryl Formula  -SH Structure 
Names of Compounds with this Group
Thiols
Properties
Stabilizes protein structure
By giving up H, two sulfhydryl groups can react to form a disulfide bridge.

10. Methyl Formula  -CH3 Structure  Names of Compounds with this Group
DNA
Properties
Hydrophobic
Nonpolar
Stable
Influence gene expression

11. Macromolecules Large molecules
Formed by the covalent linkage of smaller molecules.
Most are made of monomers that are covalently bonded to form polymers.

12. Macromolecules Four Kinds Proteins Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids Lipids
Formed from 20 different amino acids Linked
Carbohydrates
Sugars linked together
Monosaccharides polysaccharides
Nucleic Acids
Four kinds of nucleotide monomers linked together
Lipids
Limited sets of smaller molecules called fatty acids
Noncovalent forces maintain the interactions between lipid monomers

13. Condensation Reaction
Removal of Water links monomers together to form a polymer.

14. Hydrolysis Reaction
Addition of water breaks polymer into monomers.