1. AP Biology Chapter 4 P58-64 Modeling Organic Molecules

2. Organic Chemistry Study of Carbon Compounds
Organic molecules are those that have carbon.
Valence electrons?
4 covalent bonds
Why not Si?

3. Figure 4.3 Valences for the major elements of organic molecules

4. Carbon
Will readily bond with itself (C) with – or = bonds (single, double or even triple)
Also bonds with H – O = N, P, & S
Forms long chains or backbones of organic molecules
Carbon will always have four lines connecting to other atoms.

6. Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons are carbon compounds with carbon and
hydrogen
Methane
Ethane
Video clip…

7. Variations in Hydrocarbons

8. Isomers
Isomers are molecules with identical molecular formulas but different structural formulas
Different types of Isomers exist:
Structural
Geometric
Enantiomers
Video clip…

10. Identify the type of isomer for each pair.

11. Figure 4.7 The pharmacological importance of enantiomers

12. Figure 4.6ax Structural isomers

13. Figure 4.8 A comparison of functional groups of female (estradiol) and male (testosterone) sex hormones

14. Figure 4.8x1 Estrone and testosterone

15. Figure 4.8x3 Male and female peacocks

16. Figure 4.8x4 Male and female sage grouse

17. Functional Groups
Many organic molecules share similar properties because they have similar clusters of atoms: functional groups.
Functional groups are added to a hydrocarbon chain
Functional groups give the molecule a particular property, such as acidity or polarity.

18. The seven functional groups that are most important in the chemistry of life:
Hydroxyl group
Carbonyl group
Carboxyl group
Amino group
Sulfhydryl group
Phosphate group
Methyl group
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

19. Table 4.1 Functional Groups of Organic Compounds p64-65

20. Functional Groups Hydroxyl (-OH) Carbonyl Group (C=O) Alcohols
End in –ol (methanol)
Found in sugars
Carbonyl Group (C=O)
Double bond between C and O
Aldehyde (at end of structure)
Ketone (in center of structure)

21. Functional groups (con’t)
3. Carboxyl Group ( -COOH)
Double bonded (H-O – C = O
Carboxylic acids
Found in sugars, fats and amino acids
Source of H+ ions
4. Amino Group (-NH2)
Amines
Amino acids -- add a carboxyl group
Basic unit of all proteins

22. Functional Groups (con’t)
5. Sulfhydryl Group ( -SH)
Found in some proteins (amino acid –monomer)
Thiols
6. Phosphate Groups ( -PO4)
Found in ATP
Helps in transfer of chemical energy within a cell
Found in structure of another famous molecule - ?
7. Methyl Group (-CH3)
Hydrophobic
Insoluble in water
Non- polar
Found in long chains of Lipids

23. Functional Groups: F-Group Class Name Examples Characteristics
Hydroxyl
Alcohols
Ethanol, glycerol, sugars
Polar
Hydrophilic
Carboxyl
Carboxylic acids
Acetic Acid
Amino Acid
Fatty acids, Sugars
Weak acid
Amino
Amines
Amino Acids
Proteins
Weak base
Phosphate
Organic phosphates
DNA, ATP, Phospholipids
Carbonyl
Ketones
Acetone
Sugars
Aldehydes
Formaldehyde
Methyl
Fatty acids
Oils, Waxes
Non-Polar
Hydrophobic

24. ATP --- Adenosine Tri Phosphate
Figure 4. UN04
ATP --- Adenosine Tri Phosphate
Adenosine
Figure 4.UN04 In-text figure, p. 66

25. Connecting to Biochemistry
In living systems, large organic molecules, called macromolecules, may consist of hundreds or thousands of atoms.
Most macromolecules are polymers, molecules that consist of a single unit (monomer) repeated many times.

26. Figure 4.0 Protein

27. Figure 4.5 The role of hydrocarbons in fats

28. Modeling Biological Molecules
Note # of model box
Use your book, and worksheet to build a 3-D model of the molecules listed
Build the molecules in the order noted**
Draw the molecule in your notebook
Get a stamp for a correct model 
Be mindful of the “functional group” in each molecule
Answer the “Formulating Generalizations” Questions in notebook