Napoleon Bonaparte Jacques Louis David capturing his victories as a military leader

Early Years Born Corsica Military School Family of lesser noble Although of Italian descent Corsica had been acquired by France therefore he was a French citizen At 10 he entered military school

Military Years and Coup Lieutenant in French artillery Military genius Artillery Directory Loyalty to revolution 1796-1815 Napoleonic Wars Egyptian campaign Horatio Nelson Rosetta Stone Coup d’etat 1799 Sieyes Advanced rapidly in the army when emigration of aristocratic officers left vacancies. Marriage to Josephine who was six years older but well connected with members of the Directory which helped his career. Two days later he was given the comma d of the army vs. the Austrians in Italy. At 26 he stopped an uprising in Paris that would have prevented the creation of the Directory. Directory worried about his growing popularity agreed to send him to Egypt in an effort to disrupt British empire. Setback in Egypt against Horatio Nelson did little to hurt his reputation. Returns to France leaving his troops in Egypt. Popular indignation with the Directory, financial disorder, military losses produced a crisis atmosphere in France. Fearing a return of the monarchy and with the help of Sieyes , his brother and two members of the directory he seized power.

Consulate Period 1799-1804 Domestic Reforms Strong central government Merit system Legion of Honor Legal Reforms Napoleonic Code Equality under the law including inheritance Freedom of conscience Property rights Abolition of serfdom Secular state Denied women equal status with men Financial unity Bank of France Education Reform State controlled University of France Economic Reform Stimulate economy Food at lower prices Increase employment Peasants retain land acquired during Revolution Religious unity Concordat 1801 When he takes over he has a new constitution written which was put for a vote by the people in a plebiscite. Three consuls were supposed to govern but he ruled as a dictator. He ruled at first with a ten year term as Consul. In 1802, he was chosen to be Consul for life. People wanted stability. As consul he headed the army and navy. He could dismiss officials and propose new laws. Bank of France stabilized currency

Emperor 1804-1814 Constant warfare Continental System Empire building Continental System 1809- Marie Louise Daughter of Austrian emperor Continental System was a series of trade regulations that established French dominance on the Continent and was designed to hurt Britain. The British responded with Orders in Council which organized embargoes and boycotts against Napoleon and his allies. The British won b/c of their navy.

Downfall and Exile Views of Napoleon Downfall Final Defeat French-ruled subjects—tyrant Enlightened reformers—betrayed ideals Downfall Personal weaknesses Inability to conquer England Peninsular War with Spain Invasion of Russia 1812 Tzar Alexander I Scorched earth policy Economic problems Continental System Final Defeat Battle of Leipzig “Battle of Nations” Exile Elba Ambitions caused him to overreach, lust for power, stubborn 2. British saw him as symbol of excesses of revolution, shattering of tradition, violence of Reign of Terror, rise of military despotism 3. Britain wanted no one on continent to be that powerful—balance of power 4. Britain would not tolerate economic hardships created by continental system 5. Britain saw him as a threat to its colonial power 6. Britain ruled the seas which saved them from invasion 7. Weakness at sea forced Napoleon to give up Louisiana which he had acquired in 1800 from Spain. He could not defend it. 8. Russia initially supported continental system but Britain's Orders of Council forbade neutral nations from trading with France and its allies 9. British seizure of American merchant ships bound for the continent was one of the causes of the War of 1812 10. Napoleon blamed for decline in trade, business failures and unemployment, shortages of foods and cloth—suggested substitutions such as chicory for coffee 11. Alex I resumed trade with Britain therefore Napoleon invaded causing almost 500,000 deaths and encouraged Napoleon’s enemies to rise against him 12. Nationalist feelings increased in areas conquered by France. 13. French people exhausted

100 Days 1814-1815 Louis XVIII restored to throne Disharmony at Congress of Vienna Napoleon arrives in France Louis XVIII goes into exile Waterloo Duke of Wellington Prussian army Napoleon abdicates Exile to St. Helena

Exile for Napoleon

Describe the man you see in the following portraits Describe the man you see in the following portraits. (2 descriptions/adjectives for each portrait)

Napoleon’s legacy was like T.N.T. Tried to unify all of Europe - failed Napoleonic Code of Laws -made all equal spread laws all over his empire The growth of nationalism in countries he conquered (especially Prussia & Italy) Q: Why would this cause nationalism to grow?