University of Palestine Industrial Engineering Department Materials And Construction Technology Blocks Dr. Ali I. Tayeh Eng. Eman el sheikh khaleel

Lecture outlines 1.Blocks Types 2.Blocks Testing 3. Concrete Blocks works

1. Blocks Types  Stone blocks  The Polystyrene Blocks  Etong block  Solid blocks  Hollow blocks  Glassy blocks  Heating blocks

Blocks And Stone works Blocks And Stone works 15-20%8-10%30-35%40-45%

1. Blocks Types Stone block Stone block Stone blocks are blocks cut from the rocks Stone blocks have a lot of benefits as: Thermal isolator Thermal isolator Sound isolator Sound isolator Fine look. Fine look. The unit weight of the stone block =2700Kg/cm3

Polystyrene General Properties: Polystyrene General Properties: Physical Properties: Thermal isolation ; it is a thermal isolator, due to its low density, and compaction at its particles Thermal isolation ; it is a thermal isolator, due to its low density, and compaction at its particles Noise Isolation: it is a goal noise isolator duo to its high and compacted particles Noise Isolation: it is a goal noise isolator duo to its high and compacted particles water permeability: it is a non-permeable material due to its compacted particles water permeability: it is a non-permeable material due to its compacted particles Weight: it is a light material where it’s average weight form Kg per m3. Weight: it is a light material where it’s average weight form Kg per m3. Fire resistance: it is a fire resistance under a normal condition. Fire resistance: it is a fire resistance under a normal condition. Environment stability: sun affects poly and a change in its color and boarding strength Environment stability: sun affects poly and a change in its color and boarding strength 1.Blocks Types polystyrene block

Blocks Types polystyrene block Chemical Properties: Polystyrene is a neutral chemical material, despite of that, it could be damage with it expose to chemical dissolver, there for we use silicon and white glue to fix peaces to gather. Polystyrene is a neutral chemical material, despite of that, it could be damage with it expose to chemical dissolver, there for we use silicon and white glue to fix peaces to gather. Biological Properties: Biological change has no effect Polystyrene Biological change has no effect Polystyrene

1. Blocks Types polystyrene block Polystyrene advantages and Disadvantages: Polystyrene Advantages: Polystyrene Advantages: Very good noise and heat isolator Very good noise and heat isolator Light weight material Light weight material Normal temperature has no effect on it Normal temperature has no effect on it Polystyrene Disadvantages: It high cost, comparing to other building material It high cost, comparing to other building material It could be affected be sun and climate change It could be affected be sun and climate change Required specially technical skill to handle Required specially technical skill to handle

Application: To be use as isolating material, both for heat and noise To be use as isolating material, both for heat and noise To reduce the dead load of the building To reduce the dead load of the building To be use as a primary material for react 's contraction To be use as a primary material for react 's contraction To be use at agriculture (Green houses ) To be use at agriculture (Green houses ) 1. Blocks Types polystyrene block

Etong block: Etong blocks has rectangular parallel in shape with a high porosity, Etong block is a high concrete which is made from effective cement material besides to fine sand and aluminum power "Al(OH)3" that leads to genesis of gases inside the mixture which swell, then the mixture is put in a special modes and cut to the required dimension. Etong blocks has rectangular parallel in shape with a high porosity, Etong block is a high concrete which is made from effective cement material besides to fine sand and aluminum power "Al(OH)3" that leads to genesis of gases inside the mixture which swell, then the mixture is put in a special modes and cut to the required dimension. The standard commercial dimension which are used in the roof (60×50) cm2 which thickness between 10 and 32 cm. The standard commercial dimension which are used in the roof (60×50) cm2 which thickness between 10 and 32 cm. Unit weight of Etong blocks which are used in the roof is ( )kg/m3 Unit weight of Etong blocks which are used in the roof is ( )kg/m3 1. Blocks Types Etong block

Etong advantages and Disadvantages: Light weight with respect to the ordinary blocks Light weight with respect to the ordinary blocks No holes so no entrance for fresh concrete during casting No holes so no entrance for fresh concrete during casting Easy to supply the water network and electric network Easy to supply the water network and electric network Time saving where square meter from ordinary block need blocks but Etong need 5-6 blocks Time saving where square meter from ordinary block need blocks but Etong need 5-6 blocks High prevention of infiltration of water.the Etong absorb the moisture at depth between 2-3 cm after this depth no absorption will occur High prevention of infiltration of water.the Etong absorb the moisture at depth between 2-3 cm after this depth no absorption will occur Fire resistance and noise isolation Fire resistance and noise isolation

Solid blocks: Used in gravity retaining walls or in a basic blocks under the retaining walls but these days use of them is too little because Used in gravity retaining walls or in a basic blocks under the retaining walls but these days use of them is too little because Its heavy weight which cause an addition loads Its heavy weight which cause an addition loads High cost and high manufacturing cast High cost and high manufacturing cast Bad isolation for moisture Bad isolation for moisture 20*20*40 سم 20*20*40 سم 15*20*40 سم 15*20*40 سم

Hollow blocks: According to the used aggregate there are two type of hollow blocks: Ordinary blocks Ordinary blocks Ordinary blocks are made of ordinary concrete by using the ordinary aggregate in special size Light blocks Light blocks light blocks are made of light concrete by using the light aggregate

Blocks And Stone works Blocks Types Weight (Kg( Dimension (cm( Type 16 15×20×40 Ordinary blocks 20 20×20× ×25× ×25× ×20× ×14×40 light blocks 8 25×17× ×20×40

Blocks And Stone works Blocks Types Glassy blocks: This type of blocks preferred at a decors purposes therefore its get a beautiful look with a fine brightness. This type of blocks preferred at a decors purposes therefore its get a beautiful look with a fine brightness. It is difficult to built by skilled labors It is difficult to built by skilled labors The plastering material which used in built it is quartz mixed with a white cement The plastering material which used in built it is quartz mixed with a white cement هو طوب مصنوع من الزجاج ومنه أشكال وأبعاد مختلفة قد يكون شفافا وقد يكون مزخرف، 8*19*19 سم المونة المستخدمة هي الاسمنت الأبيض والكوارتز.

Blocks And Stone works Blocks Types Heating blocks: The row material used in this type is clay The row material used in this type is clay It has a red color It has a red color Used in a ovens and stove Used in a ovens and stove  هو طوب يصنع من رمل السليكا يالاضافة إلى نفس المواد المستخدمة في الطوب المفراغ العادب بأبعاده 40* 20*7 سم ، ولكنه مصمت  يستخدم في الافران  لونه أحمر.

Blocks And Stone works Blocks Testing Blocks Testing Testing shall be carried at a random samples taken from the material arrived in sites Physical testing: This test belong the dimensions, colors and shape This test belong the dimensions, colors and shape Block to be approved should have: Block to be approved should have: homogenous color homogenous color homogenous Touch homogenous Touch regular dimension. regular dimension.

Blocks And Stone works Blocks And Stone works lab tests: 1. space weight test space weight of block must not exceed the allowable limit for example: space weight of block must not exceed the allowable limit for example: block 20 or 15 its weight must not block 20 or 15 its weight must not exceed 1400 kg/m3. exceed 1400 kg/m3. block 7, 10 and 12 its weight must not block 7, 10 and 12 its weight must not exceed 1650 kg/m3. exceed 1650 kg/m3. So for block 20 weight of unit =1400/62.50=22.40 kg. weight of unit =1400/62.50=22.40 kg. Where 1400 is the maximum space weight And is number of blocks 20 in m3

lab tests: 1. bearing capacity: Bearing capacity for hollow blocks must not be less than 35kg/cm 2 Bearing capacity for hollow blocks must not be less than 35kg/cm 2 Bearing capacity for solid blocks must not be less than 70kg/cm 2 Bearing capacity for solid blocks must not be less than 70kg/cm 2