1. MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY PALESTINE UNIVERSITY Second semester Dr. Ali I. Tayeh

2. PALESTINE UNIVERSITY Chapter No. 2 STONES AND ROCKS

4. All The engineering Structures are made from some materials These materials are know as engineering materials; building materials or materials of Construction. No material, existing in the universe is useless. Every material has its own field of application  Stone

5. SSSStone An engineer has to be conversant with the properties of most of them. stone, bricks, timber, steel, lime, cement, and metals are some commonly used materials by a civil engineer. In order to carry out safe constructions, some standards for the materials to be used are fixed

6.  stone : Rockis the term used to name a solid portion of the earth's crust. Rock is the term used to name a solid portion of the earth's crust. It has no definite shape and chemical composition. It is generally very big in site. The rocks have one or more than one materials. Rock and stone

7.  stone : Rock and stone

8. Stone : The stone is always obtained from rock, The rock quarried from quarries is called stone. Quarried stone may be in form of stone blocks, Stone aggregate, stone slabs, stone lintels, Stone flags,etc. Rock and stone

9.  stone : Rock and stone

10. Classification of rocks 1. Geological classification 2. Physical classification 3. Chemical classification 4. Classification based on stone hardness:  Stone

11. Classification of rocks According to this classification stone may be classified As s ss soft, medium, hard and very hard. -Very hard rocks as Granite, Trap and Taconite. -Hard rocks as Granite, Basalt, Gravel and Quartzite. - Medium rocks as Dolomite and Lime Stone. - Soft rocks as Talc, Gypsum and Sand stone.

12. Uses of stone following are the various uses, of stones 1.For masonry work 2.for lintels and vertical columns 3.for covering floors of building 4.for paving of roads and foot paths 5.As a covering material for buildings.

13.  Stone Uses of stone following are the various uses, of stones 6.for the construction of roads in form of boulders and aggregate 7.as an aggregate in cement as well as lime concretes 8.Base material for water and sewage filters. 9.For the manufacture of cement and lime. 10.In the construction of masonry dams, stones of good quality and durability are of vital importance.

14.  Stone

15. Natural bed of stone The plane along which stones can be easily split is known as n nn natural bed of stone In stone masonry work, the stone should be used in such away that the direction of applied load is perpendicular to the natural bed of the stone. Walls

16. B Cornice Arch

17. - In the case of the walls the position of the stone blocks should be same in which they were originally deposited. This position gives maximum strength to the stone work in the walls. -In the case of arches, the bedding plane should be radial and at right angles to the face of the arch. -In the case of cornices the bed should be vertical.  Stone

18. Seasoning of stones : -In makes the stone hard and compact, by exposing the stone to open air for a period of six to twelve mouths. All the stones should be seasoned before they are used in structural work.

19. Characteristics and qualities of good building stone : 1.The stone should be easily and economically obtainable in bulk. 2.The stone should be hard, strong and durable. 3.It should weather well. 4.It should have fine compact texture.

20.  Stone Characteristics and qualities of good building stone : 5.It should be capable to withstand the effects of smoke and acidic atmosphere. 6.The stone should be free from soft patches, flaws, cavities and cracks. 7.It should be well seasoned and easily workable.

21.  Stone Tests for stones: Building stones are required to be tested for their different properties before they may be recommended for any specific case. 1-Acid test: 2- Water absorption test. 3- Impact test. 4- Crushing test. 5- Hardness test.

22. Acid test: This test is carried out on sand stone. In this test, a sample of stone about 100gm is taken and put in a solution having 1% strength of hydrochloric acid for seven days. After this the specimen is taken out and its surface examined.

23. Natural (Rock) stone

24.  Stone Natural (Rock) stone  Stone classification: According to its contents According to place which refer to According to its texture  Natural stone properties (advantages)  Natural stone properties (Disadvantages)  Stoning  Manufacturing  Stone construction:  Stone finishing

25. End Stone