The Mexican Revolution Chapter 12 section 4

USA vs. Mexico United States has coast to coast access but… Mexico has the southwest

Santa Anna Dominated Mexican politics in 19th century Played a big role in Mexico’s independence In 1833 he is President Very savvy as a politician, and highly successful

Texas Revolt In the 1820s Mexico wanted Americans to settle their territory of Texas They come in droves Tensions arise, the “colonist’ want rights in the political process Stephen Austin calls for a revolt in 1835 Santa Anna wins many battles (most famous being the Alamo) Eventually he loses and then loses power

War, Rise, Fall, Repeat: Santa Anna Santa Anna is out, then he comes back. (Sounds like Napoleon, only Santa will do it a few more times) 1845 goes to war with USA USA annexed Texas, this is an act of war. Mexico fights hard but loses Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: US gets northern 1/3 of Mexico Includes California and Southwest US

Santa Anna Goes into exile after the Treaty is signed Comes back (does not do much) Exiled again Comes back – he is old blind and poor

Juarez and La Reforma When Santa Anna is out the first time Benito Juarez looks to take over. He is a liberal Making a name for himself He is the opposite of Santa He is a true ‘rags to riches’ story

Juarez works for Reform La Reforma is his brain child Redistribution of land Separation of church and state Increased education opportunities Santa Anna’s return in 1853 sent Benito and his followers into exile When Santa Anna is forced out again in 1855 they are back

French Invade Mexico Conservatives fight the Liberals Conservative = wealthy - Liberal = poor This civil war last 3 years At the end the Liberals win out and Benito takes Presidency in 1858 Problems: Mexico has huge debt Conservatives are talking with foreign powers to take over, France responds

France and Mexico France controls Mexico for 4 years In 1867, after 3 plus years of fighting the rebels France said that it is too expensive and leaves The rebels are lead by Benito Juarez Benito takes power again (for the second time)

Juarez Part II 1867 he is elected President Progress: Rebuilds the country (destroyed after a decade of war) Promotes trade Works on infrastructure Introduces new technologies Reforms education (run by the state, open to all)

Porfirio Diaz and “Order and Progress” By 1870s a new caudillo is in power Diaz is a military man, so… guess how he rules Diaz gives anything to his supporters, but He imprisons, or kills those against him He remains in power till 1911 with his strong arm tactics

Order and Progress This happens with or without Diaz doing so Railroads, banks, currency, foreign investment are pouring in Mexico seems to be stabilizing and progressing but looks are deceiving The wealthy gain more land and the poor become poorer In 1900s all people rise against Diaz A new political party comes to take power

Madero Begins Revolution Came from and extremely rich family Educated in France and the USA Believes in democracy Announces that he will run for President in 1910 So Diaz arrest him and exiles him to USA

Revolution Gains Momentum Two armies emerge to fight Diaz North – lead by Francisco “Pancho” Villa Cowboy Robin-Hood type tactics South – Emiliano Zapata Wanted lands returned to the poor Right’s to protect the people Eventually they both beat Diaz’s army and in 1911 he steps down

Mexico Needs a Leader Madero takes over after Diaz Huerta He never consolidates power and steps down Huerta Military man, very unpopular, does very little Venustiano Carranza Sides with Zapata and Villa to gain power Once he does he turns on them When Carranza lures Zapata into a trap and kills him the revolution is over

Mexican Constitution Carranza revise the Mexican Constitution to what it is today Big changes: also see table on page 353 Land reform Education Worker’s rights Problem is Carranza sees the new constitution and hates it

New Leader, Really!? So Carranza won’t ratify the new constitution, who will? Alvaro Obregon: Took power as a dictator but soon changes Ratified the constitution Unites the country and promotes Nationalism But he is assassinated in 1928

More Political Change A political party takes over Mexico Institutional revolutionary Party They do not tolerate opposition They have everyone’s interest in mind Mexico is at peace, or at least on the way While Mexico marches towards peace the rest of the world is gearing up for WAR!