1. New Global Patterns
Chapter 13, Sections 3 and 4

2. Self-Rule for Canada, Australia, and New Zealand
Constitutional Act of 1791 creates Upper (English-speaking) and Lower (French- Speaking) Canada
Both upper and lower Canada had problems, and their people rebelled.
In 1840, Parliament passed the Act of Union joining the two Canadas again.
In 1867, the British North America Act created the Dominion of Canada.
Canada expanded westward.
The metis (mixed Native American and French Canadian) revolted, but it was put down.
French-speaking Canadians are still trying to maintain their heritage.

3. Self-Rule for Canada, Australia, and New Zealand
Dutch reached Australia by 1600s, but claimed by Captain James Cook for Britain in 1770.
Aborigines were the indigenous people who had been there about 40,000 years earlier. They call themselves Kooris.
Britain made Australia a penal colony in 1788, where inmates cleared the land.
In early 1800s, regular citizens were encouraged to emigrate to Australia by offering land and tools.
Sheepherding and a gold rush brought more settlers.
1901, became Commonwealth of Australia
Gave women the right to vote, and was the first nation to have secret ballot.

4. Self-Rule for Canada, Australia, and New Zealand
In 1769, Captain James Cook claimed it for Britain.
Maori were the indigenous people.
Missionaries came first and then later British settlers.
Colonists clashed with the Maori.
1907, won independence from Britain.

5. Economic Imperialism in Latin America
Political Problems:
20 separate nations emerged
They set up republics but true democracy didn’t take hold.
Social structure and power didn’t really change with the revolutions. Small groups of elites held the power and wealth (land). Racial prejudice still existed.
Caudillos created private armies. Some ruled as dictators.
Disagreements between conservatives and liberals.

6. Economic Imperialism in Latin America
Mexico:
Santa Anna was a powerful caudillo in the mid-1800s.
In 1835, settlers in Texas revolted from Santa Anna and became a republic. In 1845, the U.S. annexed Texas. This started a war between the U.S. and Mexico. In the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, Mexico lost almost half its territory.
In 1855, Benito Juarez began La Reforma and revised the Mexican constitution.
This led to a civil war, but Juarez became president in 1861.
In 1863, his opponents got help from Europe. Juarez and followers had to fight the French. He died in office in 1872, after uniting Mexico, bringing Mestizos into office, and separating church and state.
General Porfirio Diaz came to power after Juarez as a dictator. They had economic growth but at a cost to the Mexicans. Many Indians and mestizos fell into the peonage system.

7. Economic Imperialism in Latin America
Economics of Dependence:
As colonies, Latin America had to produce raw materials (cash crops, precious metals) for their parent country. They had to buy manufactured goods from the parent country and couldn’t make their own.
Nothing changed much after independence.
Foreign nations invested in Latin America and interfered locally to protect their interests.
Some economic growth and many European immigrants.

8. Economic Imperialism in Latin America
Influence of the United States:
The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 stated that America was no longer open for colonization.
The U.S. gain lots of land through war with Mexico: California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah and Colorado.
The U.S. aided Cuba in the quest for independence in the Spanish-American War in In 1901, the U.S. forced Cuba to add the Platt Amendment to their constitution giving the U.S. naval bases in Cuba and the right to intervene in Cuban affairs.
Roosevelt Corollary put threat of police action to back up Monroe Doctrine.
In 1903, the U.S. helped Panamanians get their independence from Columbia. Panama gave the U.S. land for a canal. The Panama Canal was opened in (Canal was given back to Panama in 2000).