Biochemistry A Way of LIFE

Hierarchy of matter Atoms Elements Monomers make up polymers HONC PS make up 90% of all living organisms Monomers make up polymers Monosaccharides Fatty acids Amino Acids Nucleotides Biological Compounds (polymers) Carbohydrates (CH20) Lipids (CHO) 2x as many H as C, fewer O Proteins (CHONS) Nucleic Acids (CHONP)

Macromolecular Structure Monomer Single unit of a macromolecule Can be linked together to form polymers Monomer

Carbohydrates AKA: sugars, saccharides <the movie was funny, but it had a saccharine ending in which everyone lives happily ever after> development of saccharin -- an artificial sweetener known today to many seasoned dieters as Sweet-n-Low. Why are they important?

Monomers (C6H12O6 ) Polymer : Starch Plant Energy Polymer: Glycogen Glucose - Photosynthesis Fructose - Fruit Galactose – Milk Same chemical formula Different shape = isomer Polymer : Starch Plant Energy Polymer: Glycogen Animal energy Polymer: Cellulose

C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 When H2O is created because two monomers are united, this is called a condensation reaction. The opposite, when water is added to break a polymer apart, it is called hydrolysis. C12H22 O11

Types of Lipids Phospholipids Triglycerides Waxes Steroids Type of Steroids: Cholesterol Hormones Androgen Corticosteroids HGH BGH

1) Lipids Lots of C, twice as much H, very little O Long hydrocarbon chains Fatty acid (monomer) Triglyceride (Fats) Saturated or unsaturated Oil (liquid) - E storage Fat (solid) - E storage, insulation, padding Nonpolar Hydrophobic Polar Hydrophilic

PHOSPHOLIPID TRIGLYCERIDE Glycerol Phosphate Glycerol

H20 inside of cell H20 outside of cell Impermeable to H20, maintains cell integrity. H20 inside of cell

Proteins R C H N O C, H, O, N and sometimes S Peptide = Amino Acid = Protein Monomer Over twenty varieties (They differ only in the “radical” group) R Radical Group C H N O

Proteins Enzymes are a type of protein Phenylketonuria Lower the activation energy for chemical reactions Are reusable Phenylketonuria Neurological disease Lack of enzyme Phenylalanine hydroxlase Phenylalanine Phenylalanine hydroxlase

Proteins Proteins are polymers comprised of amino acids Structural examples Muscle fibers, hair, cytoskeleton Cell membrane proteins

Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, and P Nucleotide (nucleic acid monomer) Monosaccharide Ribose or Deoxyribose Nitrogenous Base Phosphate Group

Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acid Polymers RNA DNA Protein synthesis Primary genetic info

1. List the 6 elements common to all organisms 2. Name four organic compounds 3. Describe the amount of elements found in a carbohydrate monomer. 4. Name 3 carbohydrate monomers 5. Name 3 carbohydrate polymers 6. Name the polymer for each monomer A. nucleotide C. Fatty acid B. monosaccharide D. Amino acid 7. Draw a rough outline of what a nucleic acid monomer and a carbohydrate monomer would look like. 8. What elements are in a nucleic acid monomer?