5 Evolution and Community Ecology CHAPTER

Black and White, and Spread All Over __________________________ were accidentally introduced into Lake St. Clair in the late 1980s. They have since spread throughout the Great Lakes system and connecting rivers. The invasive mussels have a ___________________ ___________________________________________. __________________________ were accidentally introduced into Lake St. Clair in the late 1980s. They have since spread throughout the Great Lakes system and connecting rivers. The invasive mussels have a ___________________ ___________________________________________. Talk About It The Great Lakes are home to more than 20 native mussel species. Why are the zebra and quagga mussels so much more destructive than the lakes’ native mussels?

Lesson 5.1 Evolution Scientists have identified and described over______________. Millions more have ________________.

Evolution and Natural Selection Gene: A sequence of DNA________________ ____________________ Gene pool: All the genes ___________________ Biological evolution: The _______ in a population’s gene pool ___________________ Gene: A sequence of DNA________________ ____________________ Gene pool: All the genes ___________________ Biological evolution: The _______ in a population’s gene pool ___________________ Lesson 5.1 Evolution A starting population of fish. Genes control the color and pattern of the fish’s scales.

Mechanisms of Biological Evolution: Mutation and Migration Mutation Lesson 5.1 Evolution ________________ in DNA that can give rise to variation_______________ ______ Migration (gene flow) Movement of individuals into (immigration) or out of (emigration) a population

Mechanisms of Biological Evolution: Genetic Drift and Natural Selection Lesson 5.1 Evolution Genetic Drift Natural Selection Evolution that occurs by ________ Process by which traits useful for survival and reproduction____________ ________________________________

Conditions of Natural Selection Lesson 5.1 Evolution (1)Organisms produce _____ offspring than can__________. (2) Individuals vary in characteristics, some of which are________ (3) Individuals vary in __________________ __________________. Did You Know? Darwin privately _______ ________________________________ before publishing On the Origin of Species. Did You Know? Darwin privately _______ ________________________________ before publishing On the Origin of Species.

Artificial Selection Lesson 5.1 Evolution Selection under human direction Throughout history,_________________________ ________________________________________.

Speciation Lesson 5.1 Evolution Process by which new species are generated Can occur in a number of different ways; ____________ _________________ _________________ Has resulted in every form of life on Earth— _________________ Allopatric Speciation

Extinction Lesson 5.1 Evolution The disappearance of species from Earth Generally occurs ______, _____________ at a time, when environmental conditions ______________________ __________________ There are ____ known mass extinction events, each of which wiped out a _____________________ _____________________. Did You Know? During the Permo-Triassic extinction 250 million years ago, ________ _____________ species and _____ of all marine species went extinct. Did You Know? During the Permo-Triassic extinction 250 million years ago, ________ _____________ species and _____ of all marine species went extinct. Trilobites Marine arthropods that went extinct at the end of the Permian period.

Lesson 5.2 Species Interactions The zebra mussel has ___________ ___________________ native mussel species in Lake St. Clair.

The Niche Lesson 5.2 Species Interactions Describes an organism’s use of resources and functional role in a community Affected by an organism’s tolerance— ________________________________________________ __________conditions Often_____________________________________

Competition Organisms compete when they seek the ___________ ______________________. In rare cases, one species can ____________ another from using resources. To reduce competition, species often __________ __________, which can lead to _____________________. Organisms compete when they seek the ___________ ______________________. In rare cases, one species can ____________ another from using resources. To reduce competition, species often __________ __________, which can lead to _____________________. Lesson 5.2 Species Interactions Resource Partitioning

Predation (+/–) The process by which a predator hunts, kills, and consumes prey Causes_________________________ _____________________________ Defensive traits such as ____________ ________________________________ have evolved in response to predator- prey interactions. Some predator-prey relationships are examples of coevolution, the process by which two species_________________ ________________________________. The process by which a predator hunts, kills, and consumes prey Causes_________________________ _____________________________ Defensive traits such as ____________ ________________________________ have evolved in response to predator- prey interactions. Some predator-prey relationships are examples of coevolution, the process by which two species_________________ ________________________________. Lesson 5.2 Species Interactions Did You Know? A single rough- skinned newt contains enough poison ____________ ______. Unfortunately for the newt, its ________, the common garter snake, has ___ ________________________. Did You Know? A single rough- skinned newt contains enough poison ____________ ______. Unfortunately for the newt, its ________, the common garter snake, has ___ ________________________. Rough-Skinned Newt

Parasitism and Herbivory (+/–) Lesson 5.2 Species Interactions Did You Know? One study of Pacific estuaries suggests that parasites play an important role in_____________________________________ ______________________________________ _. Hookworm (a parasite) Parasitism: One organism (the parasite) relies on another (the host)________________ ____________________ Herbivory: An animal ____________________ ___________________

Mutualism (+/+) and Commensalism (+/0) Lesson 5.2 Species Interactions Did You Know? Symbiosis describes a___________________________________ ____________________________________ ___________________________________. Mutualism: a relationship in which two or more species benefit Commensalism: a relationship in which one species benefits while the other is unaffected Lichen: a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner, such as an alga

Lesson 5.3 Ecological Communities The __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __interactions on Earth.

Primary Producers (Autotrophs) Capture energy from the sun or from chemicals and store it in the bonds of sugars, making it available to the rest of the community Energy from the sun is captured by ______________________ ____________ photosynthesis. Energy from chemicals is captured by some bacteria through_______________. Capture energy from the sun or from chemicals and store it in the bonds of sugars, making it available to the rest of the community Energy from the sun is captured by ______________________ ____________ photosynthesis. Energy from chemicals is captured by some bacteria through_______________. Lesson 5.3 Ecological Communities Did You Know? Deep-sea vents, far from sunlight, support _________________________________, which depend on energy converted through chemosynthesis.

Consumers (Heterotrophs) _________________________ ________________________ Herbivores: plant-eaters Carnivores: meat-eaters Omnivores: combination-eaters Detritivores and decomposers: recycle nutrients within the ecosystem by breaking down nonliving organic matter(#3p.83) Use oxygen to _______ _________________________ through cellular respiration (primary producers do this, too) _________________________ ________________________ Herbivores: plant-eaters Carnivores: meat-eaters Omnivores: combination-eaters Detritivores and decomposers: recycle nutrients within the ecosystem by breaking down nonliving organic matter(#3p.83) Use oxygen to _______ _________________________ through cellular respiration (primary producers do this, too) Lesson 5.3 Ecological Communities California Condor Did You Know? Scavengers, such as ________________________, are just large detritivores. Did You Know? Scavengers, such as ________________________, are just large detritivores.

Energy in Communities An organism’s rank in a feeding hierarchy is its trophic level. ____________________ always occupy the _____ trophic level of any community. In general, only about _________________ available at any trophic level is passed to the next; _______________ _____________________ ____________________ __________________. An organism’s rank in a feeding hierarchy is its trophic level. ____________________ always occupy the _____ trophic level of any community. In general, only about _________________ available at any trophic level is passed to the next; _______________ _____________________ ____________________ __________________. Lesson 5.3 Ecological Communities Pyramid of Energy

Numbers and Biomass in Communities A trophic level’s biomass is _______ ___________________ __________________ ___________In general, there are ____ organisms and greater biomass at ______ trophic levels than at ___________. A trophic level’s biomass is _______ ___________________ __________________ ___________In general, there are ____ organisms and greater biomass at ______ trophic levels than at ___________. Lesson 5.3 Ecological Communities

Food Chains and Webs Food chain: Linear series of feeding relationships Food web: Shows the_____________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ Food chain: Linear series of feeding relationships Food web: Shows the_____________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ Lesson 5.3 Ecological Communities

Species that have strong and/or wide-reaching effects on a community _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ ___________________. Species that have strong and/or wide-reaching effects on a community _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ ___________________. Keystone Species Lesson 5.3 Ecological Communities

Lesson 5.4 Community Stability A 2010 report on invasive species suggests that they______________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ ____________ Invasive kudzu

Ecological Disturbances Lesson 5.4 Community Stability A community in equilibrium is generally __________ ____________, with most populations at or around ____________________. ______________________ ____________________ can throw a community into disequilibrium. Severe disturbances can cause _______________ to a community and initiate a predictable series of changes called _________. A community in equilibrium is generally __________ ____________, with most populations at or around ____________________. ______________________ ____________________ can throw a community into disequilibrium. Severe disturbances can cause _______________ to a community and initiate a predictable series of changes called _________. Forest fire

Primary Succession Lesson 5.4 Community Stability Occurs when there are ____________________________________, including vegetation and soil ______________, such as lichens, are the ______________________. The environment________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Occurs when there are ____________________________________, including vegetation and soil ______________, such as lichens, are the ______________________. The environment________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________

Secondary Succession Lesson 5.4 Community Stability Occurs when a ________________________a community but ___________completely destroy it Common after disturbances such as ____________ _________________________________________ ______________________ than primary succession Occurs when a ________________________a community but ___________completely destroy it Common after disturbances such as ____________ _________________________________________ ______________________ than primary succession

Succession in Water Lesson 5.4 Community Stability Primary aquatic succession occurs when an area __________________________________________ Disturbances such as ______________________ _____________________ can lead to secondary aquatic succession. Primary aquatic succession occurs when an area __________________________________________ Disturbances such as ______________________ _____________________ can lead to secondary aquatic succession.

Climax Communities Lesson 5.4 Community Stability Ecologists once thought succession leads to stable “climax” communities. Today, ecologists see communities as_________ ______________________ ______________________ Communities are influenced by ____________________ ______________________ ______________________ Ecologists once thought succession leads to stable “climax” communities. Today, ecologists see communities as_________ ______________________ ______________________ Communities are influenced by ____________________ ______________________ ______________________ Beech-maple forest, a classic “climax community”

Invasive Species Lesson 5.4 Community Stability Nonnative organisms that spread widely in a community _____________________ such as predators, parasites, or competitors enables___________________________ ________________________________. Not all invasive species are ___________. Nonnative organisms that spread widely in a community _____________________ such as predators, parasites, or competitors enables___________________________ ________________________________. Not all invasive species are ___________. Did You Know? Although the European honeybee is ____________________, it is beneficial because it __________________________________________ _________________________________________. Did You Know? Although the European honeybee is ____________________, it is beneficial because it __________________________________________ _________________________________________.