1. Do Now Think about this:
Towns : County::__________: __________
What is the difference between population and community?
What are some things you can observe more easily in a community than in a population?

2. Chapter 37 
   

3. Biological Community
An assemblage of populations living close enough together for potential interaction.
Described by its species composition
Boundaries of the community vary with research questions
Can be a pond
Can be the intestinal microbes of a pond organism

4. Let’s see what you can remember!!

5. Objectives SWBAT differentiate between habitat and niche
SWBAT provide examples and explain symbiotic, competition, and predation relationships.
SWBAT describe Invasive species and their influence on the environment

6. Community Interactions
1) Competition Occurs when more than one organism uses a resource at the same time (ex: prey, soil, sunlight)
Intraspecific: competition between organisms of the same species.
Interspecific: competition between organisms of different species.

7. Examples of Competition
Interspecific- xs
Intraspecific-
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8. Competition may occur when a shared resource is limited
A habitat is an area where an organism lives.
An Ecological niche is role or position that an organism has in its environment.
How it meets its needs for food, shelter, and reproduction.
Interspecific competition occurs when niches of two populations overlap.

10. Community Interactions
2) Predation: An individual of one species, called the predator, eats all or part of an individual of another species called the prey.
Prey adapt using protective strategies
Camouflage
Mechanical defenses
Chemical Defenses

11. Predation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H5z6pGrNsi M

12. Community Interactions
3) Herbivory: Animal consumes parts of plants or algae.
Is not usually fatal
Plants must expend energy to replace the loss
Plants have numerous defenses against herbivores
Spines and thorns
Chemical toxins

13. Community Interactions
Herbivores and plants undergo coevolution
A change in one species acts as a new selective force on another
Example:
Poison-resistant caterpillars seem to be a strong selective force for Passiflora plants.

14. Community Interactions
4) Symbiotic Relationships: when 2 or more organisms live together.
- Mutualism
- Commensalism
- Parasitism

15. *Both organisms benefit*
Mutualism
*Both organisms benefit*

16. *One species benefits, the other is unaffected*
Commensalism
*One species benefits, the other is unaffected*

17. Parasitism Host is harmed and the parasite benefits
A parasite lives on or in a host to obtain nourishment
Internal parasites: Nematodes and tapeworms
External parasites: Mosquitoes and ticks
Pathogens are disease-causing parasites
Viruses, bacteria, fungi, or protists

18. Parasitism A non-native pathogens can have rapid and dramatic impacts
American chestnut-devastated by chestnut blight protists
A fungus-like pathogen currently causing sudden oak death on the West Coast
Non- native pathogens can cause a decline of the ecosystem

19. Parasitism
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20. What can disrupt or even destroy community interactions?
1859: released for game.
1900: several hundred million distributed over the continent
Result:
Destroyed farm and grazing land by eating and burrowing
Increased competition
Biological control released virus, but coevolution occurred
Does every new species introduced become invasive?? Why or Why not?

21. Objectives
To explain how organisms get their energy, and the flow in which energy travels.
To define and identify various types of autotrophs and heterotrophs.

22. Organization of Matter and Energy
Autotrophs- make their own food (chemosynthesis and photosynthesis)
A.K.A Producers!!
Cyanobacteria in water, Plants, Photosynthetic producers
Heterotrophs- consume other organisms for energy
A.K.A Consumers!

23. Herbivores- eat ONLY producers
Consumers
Herbivores- eat ONLY producers

24. Carnivores- eat ONLY other consumers

25. Omnivores-both consumers and producers

26. Consumers Scavengers- Feed on recently dead animals and plant material
Detritivores
Feed on the dead matter in the ecosystem such as:
Animal wastes
Plant litter
Dead organisms
Decomposers (a.k.a Recyclers)
Release digestive enzymes to break down complex molecules
Make nutrients available to autotrophs

27. Organization of Matter and Energy
Food Chain models the energy flow through an ecosystem.
A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food.
Each step in a food chain or food web is called a trophic level.

29. Food Chain – Flow of Energy
Snake
Energy
Energy
Energy
Mouse
Grass

30. But as food is eaten, heat is released!
Grass
Snake
Mouse
Energy
Heat
Heat
Amount of useable energy decreases, so Entropy will _____________!!

31. 90% is lost in each step. Energy is used in: Digestion Respiration
Only 10% goes onto next level (10% rule!!)
Digestion
Respiration
Hunting
Mating
Growth & Repair
Escape
Play

33. Food Web
A food web – is interconnected food chains and pathways in which energy flows through a group of organisms.
A food web shows the many different paths plants and animals are connected.

35. Ecological Pyramids energy biomass numbers of organisms
Diagram that can show the relative amounts of:
energy
biomass
numbers of organisms
Biomass- Total mass of living matter at each trophic level
AT EACH TROPHIC LEVEL! 35