1. Characters: People/animals in a work -main: most important -minor: less important; help move plot -dynamic: changes -static: remains the same -round: possesses many traits -flat: possesses few traits 2. Characterization: The methods a writer uses to develop characters -direct: using a character’s own speech, thoughts, and action -indirect: using other characters’ speech, thoughts, and actions

3. Antagonist: Character against the protagonist; the “bad guy” 4. Protagonist: Central character or “hero” 5. Foil: Character who provides a contrast to another character 6. Narrator: Point of view the story is told 7. Point of View: Method of narration -1 st person: narrator is in the story -2 nd person: narrator/speaker addresses the audience/speaks directly to the audience (You, Your) -3 rd person: narrator is outside the action/not a character *3 rd person omniscient: all knowing narrator *3 rd person limited: narrator tells only what 1 character thinks, feels, and sees

8. Plot: Sequence of events 9. Exposition: Characters, setting, and background info are introduced 10. Rising Action: Events that move plot to a climax; conflict is introduced 11. Conflict: Struggle between opposing forces -internal: within a character(*man vs self) -external: character vs. another character *man vs man*man vs nature 12. Climax: Point of highest interest; turning point 13. Falling Action: After climax; conflict is resolved 14. Denouement: Resolution

15. Setting: Time and Place 16. Mood: The feeling/atmosphere the writer creates for the characters; derived from the setting 17. Symbol: Person, place, or object that stands for something elseex: red rose=love 18. Theme: Main idea of a work 19. Irony: Contrast between appearance and reality -dramatic: reader knows something a character does not -situational: contrast between what a reader/character expects and what actually happens -verbal: saying one thing but meaning another

20. Description: Writing that helps readers visualize the story 21. Imagery: Descriptive words and phrases -visual: seeing -auditory: hearing -olfactory: smelling -tactile: touching -gustatory: tasting 22. Dialogue: Written conversation 23. Dialect: Spoken language in a specific region or social groupex: warsh, Who you be?

24. Flashback: interrupts chronological flow to go back to an earlier time 25. Foreshadowing: Using clues to hint at future events 26. Suspense: Excitement/tension felt as readers want to know the outcome 27. Epic: Long, narrative poem about the adventures of a hero 28. Epic Hero: Larger than life figure who embodies the ideals of a nation 29. Epic Simile: Long, elaborate comparison 30. Epithet: Brief, descriptive phrase pointing out character traits

31. Voice: Writer’s unique use of language allowing readers to “hear” him. 32. Persona: Voice/”mask” a writer assumes 33. Tone: Attitude a writer takes toward a subject 34. Style: HOW a piece is written; how it is said 35. Structure: How a work is put together; the arrangement of lines. 36. Diction: Word Choice 37. Syntax: Sentence structure 38. Moral: The lesson taught

39. Connotation: Attitudes and feelings associated with a word ex: Hot=gorgeous 40. Denotation: Literal, dictionary meaning ex: Hot=extremely warm! 41. Figurative Language: Expresses ideas beyond the literal meaningex: hyperbole, simile, metaphor 42. Simile: Comparing 2 things with “like” or “as’ ex: As windy as a tornado in the spring 43. Metaphor: Directly comparing 2 unlike things ex: kids were monkeys jumping on the beds 44. Extended Metaphor: Long comparison between two unlike things 45. Analogy: Comparison between two like things 46. Personification: Human qualities given to non-human objects ex: Trees whispered in the wind

47. Alliteration: Repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words.ex: Silly Sara 48. Assonance: Repetition of vowel sounds within non- rhyming wordsex: Sick, little kid 49. Hyperbole: Exaggerating the truth for emphasis ex: Hungry as a horse! 50. Onomatopoeia: Words that sound like their meaning ex: buzz, whir 51. Paradox: Contradicting statement that holds truth ex: You have to lose to know how to win 52. Rhythm: Pattern or flow of sounds 53. Allusion: Indirect reference to another literary work, famous person, place, or event.

54. Pun: A play on words; a joke 55. Idiom: An expression whose meaning is not predictable from the usual meanings of its words 56. Satire: The use of humor to emphasize human weaknesses or imperfections in society 57. Parody: A humorous imitation of a serious work 58. Anachronism: Something or someone that is not in its correct historical time ex: A clock in a Shakespearean play 59. Motif: A standard theme, element, or dramatic situation that recurs in various works ex: loneliness, nature, revenge

1. Fiction: Not “real” -poetry: lyrical writing in stanzas -short story: short work with one conflict -novels: long work with a complex story 2. Non-Fiction: Deals with real people, places, and events -biography: true account of a person’s life told by someone else -autobiography: true account of a person’s life told by that person -essay: brief composition presenting author’s personal views 3. Drama: Plays

4. Tragedy: Drama that shows a character’s downfall 5. Comedy: Light, humorous drama ending happily 6. Pun: Joke; Play on words 7. Structure: How a work is put together (arrangement of lines/events)