Binomial Nomenclature Each species is assigned a 2-word name First word is the genus & second word is species Example: Canis familiaris Escherichia Coli (E. Coli)

7 Levels of Order Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Kingdoms or Domains Kingdoms – Monera – Bacteria Protista Fungi Animalia Plantae

Domains (Kingdoms) In this model, K. Monera is split into 2 kingdoms K. Monera is separated into: Domain Archaebacteria Domain Eubacteria Other Domain: Eukarya Consists of K. Fungi, K. Plantae, K. Animalia Also, much of K. Protista has been classified into 1 of the other 3 kingdoms What are the other 3 kingdoms called?

3 Domains 1. Archea Extremeophiles Halophiles Thermophiles Methanogens 2. Bacteria (Eubacteria) Gram-Positive Chlamydia Cyanobacteria Spirochetes

3 rd Domain - Eukarya Eukaryotes Superkingdom that incorporates 4 of the kingdoms from the kingdom model Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

3 Domains Compared FeatureArchaeBacteriaEukarya Membrane-bound organelles NO YES Peptidoglycan in Cell Walls NOYESNO IntronsSomeNOYES Antibiotic Sensitivity NOYESNO

Domains vs. Kingdoms

Domains vs. Kingdoms (Page 2)

Questions In the Kingdom classification, how many kingdoms are there? 5 What are the names of the Kingdoms? Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia In the Domain classification, how many Domains are there and what are they? Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

Fill in the Table - FeatureArchaeBacteriaEukarya Membrane-bound organelles Peptidoglycan in Cell Walls Introns Antibiotic Sensitivity

Kingdom Monera Prokaryotes Unicellular (Single-celled) organisms that lack membrane-bound organelles and nuclei Divided by 1. Domain 2. Nutritional Classification 3. Reactivity with Oxygen

Domain Classification

Nutritional Class AUTOTROPHS 1. Photoautotrophs Photosynthetic autotrophs – Like plants Light energy  Energy (ATP) Carbon dioxide  organic compounds (Glucose) 2. Chemoautotrophs Inorganic substances  Energy (ATP) Carbon dioxide  organic compounds (Glucose)

Nutritional Class (Page 2) HETEROTROPHS 3. Photoheterotrophs Light energy  Energy (ATP) Get carbon from consuming other organisms 3. Chemoheterotrophs Get both carbon & energy from consuming other organisms

Reactivity with Oxygen Whether they must react with O2, must be in absence of O2, or they can be in absence or not of O2 Obligate aerobe – Require O2 for respiration Obligate anaerobe – O2 is a poison to them Facultative anaerobe – Prefer to use O2, but don’t need to use it to live

Nutritional Class & O 2 Reactivity Which of the 3 classifications is appropriate for humans? Heterotroph What would you call something that uses light for energy, but must obtain carbon in an organic form? Photoheterotroph Aerobes would do what form of catabolism? Aerobic respiration What about anaerobes? Fermentation or Anaerobic respiration

Bacteria’s Roles Decomposers – recycle dead organic manner Pathogens – organisms that cause disease Nitrogen Fixation Atmospheric N2  NH4 ONLY way to fix nitrogen into organic systems Play a vital role in genetic engineering E. Coli is used to manufacture human insulin

Bacteria’s Roles (Page 2) Symbionts in the gut – Manufacture vitamins Digest cellulose Digest Food Bioremediation – remove pollutants Used in production of cheese

Symbiotic Roles Symbiotic – relationships with other species Mutualism – Both symbionts benefit Pollinators & Flowering plants Commensalism – One organism benefits other is unharmed Fern growing in the shade of a tree Parasitism – One benefits at the expense of another

Bacterial Sex 3 Mechanisms for genetic material transfer in bacteria Transformation – DNA uptake from the environment Transduction – Viruses transfer DNA among bacteria Conjugation – primitive form of sexual reproduction

Archaebacteria Unicellular Prokaryotes No Peptidoglycan in their cell walls Able to live in extreme environments Resemble the first cells on Earth Extreme Halophiles – Salt lovers Methanogens – Produce methane as a by-product Thermoacidophiles – bacteria that love hot, acidic environments

Examples of Archaebacteria Thermoacidophiles Hot Springs - Thermophiles

Eubacteria 3 Basic Bacterial Shapes 1. Rod-shaped – (bacilli) - bacillus antharcis 2. Spiral-shaped – (spirilla OR Helical) – Syphilis bacteria 3. Sphere-shaped – (cocci) – Streptococcus

Eubacteria Proteobacteria Photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, & heterotrophs Anaerobic, other are aerobic 5 Subgroups Gram-Positive Bacteria Almost as diverse as Proteobacteria May colonize or be solitary Bacillus anthracis & Clostridium Botulinum Staphylococcus & Streptococcus

Proteobacteria Chemosynthetic bacteria Oxidize sulfuric acid and release sulfur as a by-product Gamma Proteobacteria Nitrogen-fixing bacteria Soil bacteria that are able to fix nitrogen Rhizoboids – live in nodules within the roots of legumes Convert atmospheric nitrogen to a usable form

Gram-Positive Bacteria Botulinus toxin is produced by the anerobic bacillus Clostridium botulinum, -- Enteric Botulism - may be found in improperly canned food -- One of the most potent toxins known -- Blocks the release of vesicles. -- Leads to muscle paralysis and, if the diaphragm becomes affected, can be fatal.

Gram-Positive Bacteria -- Anthrax was sent to Democratic Congressmen shortly following 9/11/01 -- Sender has never been determined??? -- Potential Bioweapon

Mycobacterium genitalium Has one of the smallest genomes of all organisms On 1/24/08 a team led by J. Craig Venter synthetically created the most important region of M. gentialium’s genome (582,970 base pairs) Largest chemically defined structure ever synthesized

Eubacteria Continued Chlamydias Lack peptidoglycan cell-walls Cause of the most common STD Can only survive within animal cells Spirochetes Can be motile & free-living or parasitic Syphilis & Lyme disease Cyanobacteria – Perform plant-like photosynthesis

Questions 1. What are the three basic shapes of eubacteria? Rod, Spiral, and Spherical 2. What are the 5 types of eubacteria? 1. Proteobacteria 2.Gram-Positive bacteria 3.Cyanobacteria 4. Spirochetes 5. Chlamydia

Endosymbiont Exercise Answer the following questions without using textbook or any other resources: a. If prokaryotes were the first cell type on earth and therefore the ancestor to all eukaryotes, how did eukaryotes develop all of the cellular components that they have? b. Explain how the endomembrane system could have developed. c. How could mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve?

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Answers Ask each group for their final hypothesis story, and then compare the stories to the most current hypotheses. b) Infoldings of the plasma membrane are likely the origin of ER, Golgi, & nuclear membrane c) Smaller, specialized prokaryotes living symbiotically inside other, larger prokaryotes is the most widely accepted explanation of the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts)

Endosymbiotic Theory Eukaryotic cells originated from a symbiotic partnership of prokaryotic cells Aerobic heterotrophs and photosynthetic prokaryotes Archezoa – eukaryotic organism that closely resembles a prokaryote No mitochondria Diplomonads – Giardia (causes a GI illness) typically infection occurs from ingestion of contaminated water

Endosymbiosis

Prokaryote Summary Prokaryotes are about 1/10 th of a euakaryote No true nuclei or membrane-bound organelles DNA is concentrated in the nucleoid region Simple genome compared to eukaryotes Prokaryotes have plasmids (extra0chromosomal DNA) Plasmids are circular pieces of DNA Used for generating genetic diversity in asexual organisms (Binary Fission)

Prokaryotic Summary (Page 2) Prokaryotes reproduce asexually by binary fission Continual synthesis of DNA Prokaryotes have a peptidoglycan cell wall Gram-Positive = simpler walls with more peptidoglycans Gram-Negative = more complex structure Pili used for adherence to each other or to surfaces Motile due to flagella

What about viruses & Prions? Where do they fit & Why?