2. AP Biology 2010-2011 Classification & the New Taxonomy Chapters 25 – 35

3. AP Biology  Organisms classified from most general group, domain, down to most specific, species  domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species Finding commonality in variety use the mnemonic! Solar System Earth No. America U. S. N. Y. Putnam Valley Peekskill Hollow Rd HS

4. AP Biology Archaebacteria & Bacteria Classification  Old 5 Kingdom system  Monera, Protists, Plants, Fungi, Animals  New 3 system  reflects a greater understanding of evolution & molecular evidence  _______________________  ___________________ Prokaryote Eukaryote

5. AP Biology Kingdom ____________ Kingdom ________________

6. AP Biology The Evolutionary Perspective

7. AP Biology Kingdoms Single-celled ancestor prokaryoteseukaryotes EubacteriaArchaebacteria Protista multicellular uni- to multicellular autotrophs heterotrophs Plantae FungiAnimalia absorptive nutrition ingestive nutrition

8. AP Biology 2007-2008 Prokaryotes Domain Bacteria Domain Archaebacteria Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Common ancestor

9. AP Biology Bacteria live EVERYWHERE!  Bacteria live in all ecosystems  on plants & animals  in plants & animals  in the soil  in depths of the oceans  in extreme cold  in extreme hot  in extreme salt  on the living  on the dead Microbes always find a way to make a living!

10. AP Biology Bacterial diversity rods and spheres and spirals… Oh My!

11. AP Biology Prokaryote Structure  Unicellular  bacilli, cocci, spirilli  Size  1/10 size of eukaryote cell  1 micron (1um)  Internal structure  _________________________________  _____________________________  _________________________________  not wrapped around proteins prokaryote cell eukaryote cell

12. AP Biology Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote Chromosome double helix Prokaryote Eukaryote

13. AP Biology Variations in Cell Interior internal membranes for photosynthesis like a chloroplast (thylakoids) internal membranes for respiration like a mitochondrion (cristae) aerobic bacterium mitochondria cyanobacterium (photosythetic) bacterium chloroplast

14. AP Biology Prokaryote Cell Wall Structure peptide side chains cell wall peptidoglycan plasma membrane protein Gram-positive bacteria Gram-negative bacteria peptidoglycan plasma membrane outer membrane outer membrane of lipopolysaccharides cell wall peptidoglycan = polysaccharides + amino acid chains lipopolysaccharides = lipids + polysaccharides That’s important for your doctor to know!

15. AP Biology Prokaryotic metabolism  How do bacteria acquire their energy & nutrients?  ___________________  photosynthetic bacteria  ___________________  oxidize inorganic compounds  nitrogen, sulfur, hydrogen…  ___________________  live on plant & animal matter  decomposers & pathogens

16. AP Biology Genetic variation in bacteria  Mutations  bacteria can reproduce every 20 minutes  ______________________  error rate in copying DNA  1 in every 200 bacteria has a mutation  you have billions of E. coli in your gut!  lots of mutation potential!  Genetic recombination  bacteria swap genes  ____________________  small supplemental circles of DNA  ____________________  direct transfer of DNA conjugation

17. AP Biology Bacteria as pathogens  Disease-causing microbes  ___________________  wilts, fruit rot, blights  ____________________  tooth decay, ulcers  anthrax, botulism  plague, leprosy, “flesh-eating” disease  STDs: gonorrhea, chlamydia  typhoid, cholera  TB, pneumonia  lyme disease

18. AP Biology Bacteria as beneficial (& necessary)  Life on Earth is dependent on bacteria  ___________________________  recycling of nutrients from dead to living  ___________________________  only organisms that can fix N from atmosphere  needed for synthesis of proteins & nucleic acids  plant root nodules  ___________________________  digest cellulose for herbivores  cellulase enzyme  produce vitamins K & B 12 for humans  _________________________  from yogurt to insulin

19. AP Biology Domain Archae  Live in extreme environments   Methanogens:   Halophiles   Thermophiles 

20. AP Biology 2010-2011 Got any Questions?? Ask da’ Bacterial Boss!