Memory: Unit 7 The information processing model views human (and computer) memory as a system that encodes, stores, and retrieves bits of information. In humans, information processing occurs in three systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.

Memory - The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information 1. The Memory Process: Encoding Storage Retrieval 2. Types of Memory Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory

Three Stage Process of Memory

Sensory Memory The immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system. Stored just for an instant, and most gets unprocessed.

Sensory memory iconic memory - a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, a photograph like quality lasting only about a second. echoic memory - for auditory stimuli. If you are not paying attention to someone, you can still recall the last few words said in the past three or four seconds.

Short Term Memory Memory that holds a few items briefly. The info will be stored into long- term or forgotten. 18 seconds Rehearsal - You must repeat things over and over to put them into your long-term memory.

Short Term Memory A.K.A …WORKING MEMORY Another way of describing the use of short-term memory is called working memory.

Short Term Memory How many bits of information can we hold in there? STM Capacity Activity I will read a several groupings of numbers, to which you should listen carefully without writing anything. After each series, I will ask you to use your memory to write down the numbers, in the order that I read them. Remember, do not write anything until I tell you to do so.

Short Term Memory Capacity The Magic Number… 7 bits, plus or minus 2

Short Term Memory information held can be increased if it is organized into chunks of meaningful information. chunking - organizing items into familiar, manageable units. Chunk- from Goonies

Chunking First row makes little sense to us….but when we chunk the characters differently they become easy to remember.

Memory Demonstration You will see/hear a list of words, then you will have 30 seconds to write down as many of the words you can recall. Do not write until I tell you to!

Serial position effects Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list. primacy effect - the enhanced ability to recall items from the beginning of the list. recency effect - the enhanced ability to recall items from the end of the list.