GROUPING & IDENTIFYING LIVING THINGS Classification

Classifying Living Things We put livings things into two large groups:  Animals  Plants

Animals Animals are spilt into two major groups:  Chordates (Vertebrates)  Non-chordates (Invertebrates)

NON-CHORDATES OR INVERTEBRATES

Invertebrates  These are animals without a notochord (backbone)  There are eight groups of invertebrates 1. Porifera, Sponges 2. Cnidarians, jellyfish 3. Platyhelminthes, Flatworms 4. Annelids, segemented worms pinworm 5. Nematoda, Roundworms 6. Mollusca, snails, clams 7. Echinoderms, starfish 8. Arthropods, insects, crabs spiders

1. Porifera- Sponges  Have bodies made of loosely joined cells (multicellular)  Sponges - the simplest animals, lack defined tissues and organs  Have the ability to disaggregate and aggregate their cells  Are hermaphroditic. Fertilized eggs become free-swimming larvae, which attached to the ocean floor and undergo metamorphosis to become sessile organisms.

2. Cnidarians  Have tentacles with nematocytes (stinging cells) that they use to capture food.

3. Platyhelminthes Flatworms  Are free-living and parasites.  Have nerve tissues that connect to their head, resembling a primitive brain.  Free living worms are hermaphroditic, they generate a reproductive system only during breeding season.

4. Nematodes: Roundworms Have long thin, round worm like bodies Most are free-living, however some are parasitic and can cause major health concerns. Simplest organisms to have a complete digestive tract.

5. Annelida  Have round, segmented bodies. Which is beneficial for movement, can move different parts at a time, increases flexibility.  Locomotion is conducted with the help of setae (bristles on skin).

6. Mollusca They are soft-bodies animals. Their body is covered with shells for protection. Includes clams, mussels, snails, squids and octapods.

7. Echinodermata Have spiny outer covering Can be sessile or burrowing. Are no parasitic species. They are marine animals.

8. Arthropoda  Ecological importance: abundant and important part of food chain. Some are eaten as food by humans.  There are four group of arthropods: 1. Arachnids (spiders) 2. Centipedes & Millipedes 3. Crustaceans (crabs, shrimp) 4. Insects

“RISE OF THE CHORDATES” PHYLUM CHORDATA LEADING TO VERTEBRATA

Chordates 4 characteristics at some point in their development: 1. notochord - support 2. post-anal tail 3. pharyngeal gill slits 4. dorsal hollow nerve cord All Chordates (birds, mammals, reptiles, fish, Have strikingly similar Embryonic Development

Gills in Humans! – check it out

Chordates include the following: 1. Fish 2. Reptiles 3. Amphibians 4. Birds 5. Mammals

Summary of Vertebrates

1. Fish The most numerous and widespread of the vertebrates. Representing a tremendous amount of diversity, general features include: a notochord or backbone. More advanced fishes have: External Fertilization a swim bladder, balloon-like structure that helps them float at different depths. Gills are covered by a hard dermal plate called the operculum. Have lateral line, sensory organ on side of body that detects motion

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2.Amphibians

3.Reptiles Include turtles, lizards, snakes, and alligators.  Have dry scales and are cold blooded  Have well developed lungs that are divided and subdivided, increasing surface area.  Lay leathery, amniotic eggs, a factor that allowed reptiles to live on land. Leathery egg shell is a self contained environment for developing embryo. It won’t dry out.  Limbs and skeleton are lightweight, enabling mobility.  Skin is waterproof.  Knee joints changed to a forward position increasing mobility.

4.Birds Have feathers and hollow bones Lay hard shelled eggs Warm blooded Have a sternum, which is the breast bone enables the attachment of powerful flying muscles.

4.Birds  Bodies are covered with feathers. They show remarkable flight adaptations, where forelimbs are modified into wings. They have light,hollow and spongy bones, which help them in flight. In addition to lungs, birds also have air sacs that extend into their body cavities that ensure that they have a constant supply of fresh air.

5.Mammals Definition of a Mammal: 1. Homoeothermic – meaning that mammals produce their own body heat 2. Mammary tissue - for the production of Milk 3. Hair Follicles - for the production of Hair 4. Generally, internal fertilization and harboring of young, however, this is only a generality because not all young are “cooked” to term internally. Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DtIfsHPpkSPs&ei=bGfvVIXzM_XesASGl4L4BA&usg=AFQjCNGtQMYP78gGZNx9cve531_8KIg avw&bvm=bv ,d.bGQ Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DtIfsHPpkSPs&ei=bGfvVIXzM_XesASGl4L4BA&usg=AFQjCNGtQMYP78gGZNx9cve531_8KIg avw&bvm=bv ,d.bGQ