1. Introduction to Animals

2. MORE THAN 1.8 MILLION SPECIES

3. ANIMAL COMES FROM “anima” WHICH MEANS VITAL BREATH OR SOUL

4. FOSSIL RECORD MARINE SPECIES 542 mya

5. Major Phyla
Scientists classify the members of the animal kingdom into as many as 35 phyla(phylum). The nine major phyla contain percent of all animal species.
Only one animal phylum, Chordata, contains vertebrates. The other major phyla contain only invertebrates.
Invertebrates make up most of the animal kingdom- about 95 percent.

6. Major Phyla Annelida – earthworms, leeches, marine worms)
Arthropoda – insects, spiders, shrimp, crabs
Chordata – tunicates, lancelets, vertebrates (ex. Fish, humans, lizards)
Echinodermata – sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers

7. Major Phyla Mollusca – snails, slugs, clams, mussels, octopuses, squid
Platyhelminthes- flatworms
Cnidaria – jellyfish, sea anemones, corals
Porifera- sponges
Nematodes- roundworms

8. A. ANIMALS ARE DIVERSE BUT THEY HAVE BASIC CHARACTERISTICS IN COMMON
Multicellular Organization
Eukaryotes
Heterotrophic
(consumers)
Digest their food
reproduction and development
Movement

9. Multicellular Organization
1. Are made of many cells. Most animals contain large numbers of cells.
Humans contain 50 trillion cells.
In most animals, cells have different jobs.
Specialized cells for specific functions
Groups of cells are organized into tissues.
This allows organisms to evolve and adapt to many environments.

10. EUKARYOTES
2. CELLS HAVE A NUCLEUS AND ORGANELLES

11. Animals are Heterotrophic
3. Depend on other living
things in the environment for food
Most accomplish this through ingestion.
4. Digest their food
Digestion is accomplished within the animal. This process breaks down the food into useable compounds (carbohydrates, protein and lipids)

12. Movement 5. Most animals can move.
The ability to move results from two types of tissues found only in animals: nervous tissue and muscular tissue.
There are a few animals that are sessile.

13. Sexual Reproduction and Development
6. Can reproduce sexually; some can also reproduce asexually
All animals are capable of reproducing sexually
Some are hermaphrodites producing both sperm and eggs in the same body

14. B. ADAPTATIONS FROM PREVIOUS GENERATIONS HELP INDIVIDUALS SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE
1. A basic adaptation is obtaining energy from food.
a. Herbivores eat plants.
b. Carnivores eat other animals.
c. Animals that eat both plants and animals are omnivores.
d. Detrivores such as beetles and millipedes eat decaying matter called detritus.

16. 2. PHYSICAL ADAPTATIONS HELP ANIMALS SURVIVE
a. Protective coverings such as shells or quills help protect animals from predators
b. Large size protects some animals
c. Mimicry or camouflage help other animals blend into the environment or confuse predators

18. CAMOUFLAGE
3. Camouflage is an adaptation for predators so they can sneak up on their prey

19. 4. BEHAVORIAL ADAPTATIONS CAN HELP ANIMALS SURVIVE
a. Some animals use scent or ink to discourage predators
b. Speed allows some animals to outrun predators
c. Traveling in groups can assist both predators and prey

21. Origin and Classification
The first animals probably arose from the sea.
Taxonomists have grouped animals into several phyla based on evolutionary relationships.
It is estimated there are another 3 to 30 million more to identify and name

22. C. ANIMALS ARE CLASSIFIED BASED ON SIMILAR CHARACTERISTICS
1. Vertebrates have a backbone; invertebrates do not have a backbone

23. Symmetry 2. Symmetry is how an animal’s body parts are arranged.
Animals have three patterns of symmetry.
a. Asymmetrical animals do not have a definite shape
b. Animals with radial symmetry have parts arranged in a circle around a center point
c. Animals with bilateral symmetry have mirrored body halves

24. Patterns of Symmetry

25. Identify the Type of Symmetry

26. Animal Body Structure
Animals are classified based on the following characteristics:
Symmetry
Germ layers
Body Cavities

27. Most animals have a dorsal, ventral, anterior and posterior side or orientation.
Dorsal – top
Ventral – bottom
Anterior – head
Posterior - tail
Most animals exhibit cephalization, the concentration of sensory and brain structures in the anterior. Animals with cephalization have a head!

28. Germ Layers
Germ layers are fundamental tissue types found in all animals except sponges (no true tissues).
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

29. Body Cavities
Most animals have a fluid filled space that forms between the digestive tract and the outer wall of the body during development. This space is known as a COELOM.

30. Body Cavities Acoelomate (without a coelom) 3 layer acoelomate
2 germ layers
ectoderm and endoderm
not separated by a cavity
least complex body plan
sponges and cnidarians
3 layer acoelomate
3 germ layers
endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm
flatworms

31. Body Cavities (cont.) Pseudocoelomate Coelomate pseudocoelom
cavity formed between mesoderm and endoderm
roundworms and rotifers
Coelomate
cavity developed within the mesoderm
most complex body plan
mollusks, annelids, arthropods, echinoderms, and chordates

32. Animal Diversity – Two Phyla
Invertebrates
29 phyla
95% of animals
Chordates
Notochord
Dorsal nerve cord
Pharyngeal pouches
Postanal tail
Vertebrates
Include fishes, birds and mammals

33. What is the difference in a vertebrate and an invertebrate?
A vertebrate is an animal with a backbone and invertebrates do not have a backbone.

34. Comparison of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
symmetry
germ layers
Body cavities
Segmentation
support
Respiratory/
circulatory
Digestive/excretory
Nervous
reproduction