Figures in History of Instructional Design By Dr. Tom’s EME 6313 Class of Fall ‘03

John M. Keller Motivation Motivation ARCS Model ARCS Model –Attention –Relevance –Confidence –Satisfaction

Leslie J. Briggs “Best way to design instruction is work backwards from expected outcomes.” “Best way to design instruction is work backwards from expected outcomes.” “Educational goals are human activities that are useful to society.” “Educational goals are human activities that are useful to society.”

Robert M. Gagne ( ) Military Training 1940’s ’s Military Training 1940’s ’s Five Conditions of Learning Five Conditions of Learning –Reception and registration –Storage and retrieval –Perception and expectancies –Rehearsal –Executive control (cognitive strategies)

Max Wertheimer Gestalt Theory Wertheimer's discovery (1910– 12) of the phi phenomenon (concerning the illusion of motion) gave rise to the influential school of Gestalt psychology His early experiments, in collaboration with Wolfgang Köhler and Kurt Koffka, introduced a new approach (macroscopic as opposed to microscopic) to the study of psychological problems In the latter part of his life he directed much of his attention to the problem of learning; this research resulted in a book, posthumously published, called Productive Thinking "The basic thesis of gestalt theory might be formulated thus: there are contexts in which what is happening in the whole cannot be deduced from the characteristics of the separate pieces, but conversely; what happens to a part of the whole is, in clearcut cases, determined by the laws of the inner structure of its whole."

Michael Hannafin, Ph.D. 611 Aderhold Hall Athens, GA (706) Internet: “I presently study the nature and structures related to learner-centered open-ended learning environments, including the cognitive processes associated with their use, the structures of such systems, and the nature of the tools and resources provided through them.”

David H. Johassen – “a way of using a computer application program to engage learners in constructive, higher-order, critical thinking about the subjects they are studying.” Mindtools are used to generate independent critical thoughts from the user (students) when working with computers. Rather than single button pressing for correct responses, or instructor driven answers, the user works in application programs that force them to learn and think in a non-linear fashion (the way the brain usually operates). Mindtools