1. A HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

2. Where have we been?

3.  Yesterday we learned:  Three Main interests of Psychologists

4. Where have we been?  Yesterday we learned:  Three Main interests of Psychologists  Research  Consult  Teach

5. Where have we been?  Yesterday we learned:  Three Main interests of Psychologists  Research  Consult  Teach  Specific duties of the following Psychologists

6. Where have we been?  Yesterday we learned:  Three Main interests of Psychologists  Research  Consult  Teach  Specific duties of the following Psychologists  Clinical Psychologists  Counseling Psychologists  School Psychologists  Educational Psychologists  Developmental Psychologists  Personality Psychologists  Social Psychologists  Experimental Psychologists  Other Specialist Psychologists

7. Where are we now?

8.  Today you will learn:

9. Where are we now?  Today you will learn:  A history of psychology

10. Where are we now?  Today you will learn:  A history of psychology  Schools of Psychology

11. Where are we now?  Today you will learn:  A history of psychology  Schools of Psychology Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt

12. Where are we now?  Today you will learn:  A history of psychology  Schools of Psychology Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James

13. Where are we now?  Today you will learn:  A history of psychology  Schools of Psychology Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James Behaviorism- John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner

14. Where are we now?  Today you will learn:  A history of psychology  Schools of Psychology Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James Behaviorism- John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner Gestalt- Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler

15. Where are we now?  Today you will learn:  A history of psychology  Schools of Psychology Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James Behaviorism- John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner Gestalt- Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler Psychoanalysis- Sigmund Freud

16. A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece (400-300 B.C.)

17.  2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”

18. A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece (400-300 B.C.)  2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”  Socrates advocated introspection

19. A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece (400-300 B.C.)  2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”  Socrates advocated introspection  Introspection- examining our thoughts and feelings

20. A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece (400-300 B.C.)  2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”  Socrates advocated introspection  Introspection- examining our thoughts and feelings  Aristotle was Plato’s student. Said human behavior is scientific like movement of the stars

21. A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece (400-300 B.C.)  2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”  Socrates advocated introspection  Introspection- examining our thoughts and feelings  Aristotle was Plato’s student. Said human behavior is scientific like movement of the stars  Claimed we are motivated to seek pleasure and avoid pain

22. A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece (400-300 B.C.)  2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”  Socrates advocated introspection  Introspection- examining our thoughts and feelings  Aristotle was Plato’s student. Said human behavior is scientific like movement of the stars  Claimed we are motivated to seek pleasure and avoid pain  Ancient Greeks believed the gods punished people for wrongdoing by causing them confusion and madness

23. A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece (400-300 B.C.)  2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”  Socrates advocated introspection  Introspection- examining our thoughts and feelings  Aristotle was Plato’s student. Said human behavior is scientific like movement of the stars  Claimed we are motivated to seek pleasure and avoid pain  Ancient Greeks believed the gods punished people for wrongdoing by causing them confusion and madness  Hippocrates was a physician at this time

24. A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece (400-300 B.C.)  2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”  Socrates advocated introspection  Introspection- examining our thoughts and feelings  Aristotle was Plato’s student. Said human behavior is scientific like movement of the stars  Claimed we are motivated to seek pleasure and avoid pain  Ancient Greeks believed the gods punished people for wrongdoing by causing them confusion and madness  Hippocrates was a physician at this time  Said confusion and madness are from abnormalities in the brain

25. A History of Psychology: Middle Ages (1000 to 1300 A.D.)

26.  During the Middle Ages, Europeans believed agitation and confusion were signs of possession by demons

27. A History of Psychology: Middle Ages (1000 to 1300 A.D.)  During the Middle Ages, Europeans believed agitation and confusion were signs of possession by demons  Tests were used to determine whether a person was possessed

28. A History of Psychology: Middle Ages (1000 to 1300 A.D.)  During the Middle Ages, Europeans believed agitation and confusion were signs of possession by demons  Tests were used to determine whether a person was possessed  Water-Float Test: Impure, you float and were killed; Pure, you sunk and drowned

29. A History of Psychology: 1500 to 1800

30.  The 1500s, 1600s, and 1700s witnessed a movement away from belief in demons and possession

31. A History of Psychology: 1500 to 1800  The 1500s, 1600s, and 1700s witnessed a movement away from belief in demons and possession  Scientific and Intellectual advances were being made

32. A History of Psychology: 1500 to 1800  The 1500s, 1600s, and 1700s witnessed a movement away from belief in demons and possession  Scientific and Intellectual advances were being made  A scientific approach led to the birth of modern psychology in the 1800s

33. A History of Psychology: 1500 to 1800  The 1500s, 1600s, and 1700s witnessed a movement away from belief in demons and possession  Scientific and Intellectual advances were being made  A scientific approach led to the birth of modern psychology in the 1800s  Psychologists argued that human behavior and mental processes should be supported by evidence

34. A History of Psychology: 1500 to 1800  The 1500s, 1600s, and 1700s witnessed a movement away from belief in demons and possession  Scientific and Intellectual advances were being made  A scientific approach led to the birth of modern psychology in the 1800s  Psychologists argued that human behavior and mental processes should be supported by evidence  1879 marked the beginning of psychology as a laboratory science

35. Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism

36.  Wilhelm Wundt founded the School of Structuralism

37. Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism  Wilhelm Wundt founded the School of Structuralism  Structuralists- used introspection to discover the basic elements of conscious experience

38. Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism  Wilhelm Wundt founded the School of Structuralism  Structuralists- used introspection to discover the basic elements of conscious experience  2 elements of conscious experience combined to allow the human mind to function

39. Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism  Wilhelm Wundt founded the School of Structuralism  Structuralists- used introspection to discover the basic elements of conscious experience  2 elements of conscious experience combined to allow the human mind to function  Objective Sensations- assumed to accurately reflect the outside world. Ex. Sight and Taste

40. Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism  Wilhelm Wundt founded the School of Structuralism  Structuralists- used introspection to discover the basic elements of conscious experience  2 elements of conscious experience combined to allow the human mind to function  Objective Sensations- assumed to accurately reflect the outside world. Ex. Sight and Taste  Subjective Feelings- include emotional responses and mental images

41. Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism  Wilhelm Wundt founded the School of Structuralism  Structuralists- used introspection to discover the basic elements of conscious experience  2 elements of conscious experience combined to allow the human mind to function  Objective Sensations- assumed to accurately reflect the outside world. Ex. Sight and Taste  Subjective Feelings- include emotional responses and mental images  For example, a person can experience a piece of pizza objectively by observing its shape, color, texture, and taste. They can also experience the pizza subjectively by remembering how good it feels to bite into it

42. William James and Functionalism

43.  William James founded the school of Functionalism

44. William James and Functionalism  William James founded the school of Functionalism  Thought that experience is a fluid and continuous “stream of consciousness”

45. William James and Functionalism  William James founded the school of Functionalism  Thought that experience is a fluid and continuous “stream of consciousness”  Focused relationship between experience and behavior- Led to publishing first Psychology textbook

46. William James and Functionalism  William James founded the school of Functionalism  Thought that experience is a fluid and continuous “stream of consciousness”  Focused relationship between experience and behavior- Led to publishing first Psychology textbook  Functionalists- concerned with how mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment

47. Functionalism vs. Structuralism

48.  Structuralism relies on introspection

49. Functionalism vs. Structuralism  Structuralism relies on introspection  Functionalism included behavioral observation in laboratory as well as introspection

50. Functionalism vs. Structuralism  Structuralism relies on introspection  Functionalism included behavioral observation in laboratory as well as introspection  Structuralists asked “What are the elements (structures) of psychological processes?”

51. Functionalism vs. Structuralism  Structuralism relies on introspection  Functionalism included behavioral observation in laboratory as well as introspection  Structuralists asked “What are the elements (structures) of psychological processes?”  Functionalists asked “What are the purposes (functions) of behavior and mental processes?”

52. Functionalism Continued

53.  Functionalists proposed that adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained because they are successful

54. Functionalism Continued  Functionalists proposed that adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained because they are successful  Adaptive (successful) actions are repeated and eventually become habits

55. Functionalism Continued  Functionalists proposed that adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained because they are successful  Adaptive (successful) actions are repeated and eventually become habits  Through repetition and success of habits, these actions become automatic

56. Functionalism Continued  Functionalists proposed that adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained because they are successful  Adaptive (successful) actions are repeated and eventually become habits  Through repetition and success of habits, these actions become automatic  Why is this advantageous?

57. Functionalism Continued  Functionalists proposed that adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained because they are successful  Adaptive (successful) actions are repeated and eventually become habits  Through repetition and success of habits, these actions become automatic  Why is this advantageous?  Instead of focusing on mechanics, we can focus on what we are doing

58. John B. Watson and Behaviorism

59.  John B. Watson founded the school of Behaviorism

60. John B. Watson and Behaviorism  John B. Watson founded the school of Behaviorism  Behaviorism- psychology is limited to observable, measurable events

61. John B. Watson and Behaviorism  John B. Watson founded the school of Behaviorism  Behaviorism- psychology is limited to observable, measurable events  Did not agree with Functionalists because he saw consciousness as a private matter that could only be known by an individual

62. B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement

63.  B.F. Skinner founded the School of Reinforcement

64. B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement  B.F. Skinner founded the School of Reinforcement  This school added to the behaviorist tradition by introducing the concept of reinforcement

65. B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement  B.F. Skinner founded the School of Reinforcement  This school added to the behaviorist tradition by introducing the concept of reinforcement  Reinforcement- When an animal is rewarded for performing an action or behavior, it is more likely to perform that action or behavior again in the future

66. B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement  B.F. Skinner founded the School of Reinforcement  This school added to the behaviorist tradition by introducing the concept of reinforcement  Reinforcement- When an animal is rewarded for performing an action or behavior, it is more likely to perform that action or behavior again in the future  Skinner claimed reinforcement works for people too. What do you think?

67. Gestalt School

68.  Founded by Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler

69. Gestalt School  Founded by Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler  “Gestalt” means shape or part

70. Gestalt School  Founded by Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler  “Gestalt” means shape or part  Gestalt- context influences people’s interpretations of information. Perceptions are more than the sums of their parts. Rather they are wholes that give shape or meaning to the parts

71. Gestalt vs. All

72.  Rejects structuralist idea that experience can be broken down into individual parts or elements

73. Gestalt vs. All  Rejects structuralist idea that experience can be broken down into individual parts or elements  Why?

74. Gestalt vs. All  Rejects structuralist idea that experience can be broken down into individual parts or elements  Why?  Reject behaviorist notion that psychologists should only concentrate on observable behavior

75. Gestalt vs. All  Rejects structuralist idea that experience can be broken down into individual parts or elements  Why?  Reject behaviorist notion that psychologists should only concentrate on observable behavior  Also reject behaviorist view of mechanical learning because they believe learning is active and purposeful

76. Gestalt vs. All  Rejects structuralist idea that experience can be broken down into individual parts or elements  Why?  Reject behaviorist notion that psychologists should only concentrate on observable behavior  Also reject behaviorist view of mechanical learning because they believe learning is active and purposeful  Found that learning, especially problem solving, is accomplished by insight not mechanical repetition

77. Gestalt vs. All  Rejects structuralist idea that experience can be broken down into individual parts or elements  Why?  Reject behaviorist notion that psychologists should only concentrate on observable behavior  Also reject behaviorist view of mechanical learning because they believe learning is active and purposeful  Found that learning, especially problem solving, is accomplished by insight not mechanical repetition  Insight- reorganization of perceptions that enables an individual to solve a problem

78. Gestalt vs. All  Rejects structuralist idea that experience can be broken down into individual parts or elements  Why?  Reject behaviorist notion that psychologists should only concentrate on observable behavior  Also reject behaviorist view of mechanical learning because they believe learning is active and purposeful  Found that learning, especially problem solving, is accomplished by insight not mechanical repetition  Insight- reorganization of perceptions that enables an individual to solve a problem  Insight is the sudden appearance of Gestalt, or form, that enables the individual to see the solution

79. Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis

80.  Sigmund Freud founded the school of Psychoanalysis

81. Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis  Sigmund Freud founded the school of Psychoanalysis  Psychoanalysis- emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behavior

82. Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis  Sigmund Freud founded the school of Psychoanalysis  Psychoanalysis- emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behavior  Freud believed that unconscious processes, especially sexual and aggressive urges are more important than conscious experiences in governing peoples behavior and feelings

83. Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis  Sigmund Freud founded the school of Psychoanalysis  Psychoanalysis- emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behavior  Freud believed that unconscious processes, especially sexual and aggressive urges are more important than conscious experiences in governing peoples behavior and feelings  Thought that most of the mind is filled with unconscious conflicting urges, impulses and wishes

84. Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis  Sigmund Freud founded the school of Psychoanalysis  Psychoanalysis- emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behavior  Freud believed that unconscious processes, especially sexual and aggressive urges are more important than conscious experiences in governing peoples behavior and feelings  Thought that most of the mind is filled with unconscious conflicting urges, impulses and wishes  People’s behaviors are aimed at satisfying these impulses, even if they are inappropriate

85. Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis  Sigmund Freud founded the school of Psychoanalysis  Psychoanalysis- emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behavior  Freud believed that unconscious processes, especially sexual and aggressive urges are more important than conscious experiences in governing peoples behavior and feelings  Thought that most of the mind is filled with unconscious conflicting urges, impulses and wishes  People’s behaviors are aimed at satisfying these impulses, even if they are inappropriate  But, people want to see themselves as decent, so they fool themselves about the real motives of their behavior

86. What you learned today

87.  A history of psychology

88. What you learned today  A history of psychology  Schools of Psychology

89. What you learned today  A history of psychology  Schools of Psychology Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt

90. What you learned today  A history of psychology  Schools of Psychology Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James

91. What you learned today  A history of psychology  Schools of Psychology Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James Behaviorism- John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner

92. What you learned today  A history of psychology  Schools of Psychology Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James Behaviorism- John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner Gestalt- Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler

93. What you learned today  A history of psychology  Schools of Psychology Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James Behaviorism- John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner Gestalt- Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler Psychoanalysis- Sigmund Freud

94. Where are we going?  Tomorrow we will discuss the Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology