1. Perception Illusion A false representation of the environment
Selection
Organization
Interpretation

2. Illusory Contours Perceived edges that do not physically exist
Visual system fills in the gaps
Inspired Gestalt School:
Max Wertheimer ( )
Wolfgang Kohler ( )
Kurt Koffka ( )
Gestalt Grouping Rules

3. Perception: Selection
Selective attention
“Cocktail party effect”
The process whereby the brain sorts out, and only attends to, the important messages from the senses.
Feature detectors
Specialized cells in the brain that respond only to certain sensory information. Based on experience.
Habituation
The tendency of the brain to ignore environmental factors that remain constant.

4. Perception: Organization
Form
Constancy
Color
Depth

5. Organization: Form Gestalt
ability to perceive the whole stimulus rather than perceiving its discrete part as separate entities
good continuation

6. Organization: Form Figure and Ground
see a main object relative to ground

7. Organization: Form Proximity
items near each other are grouped together

8. Organization: Form
Continuity
perceive smooth as continuous patterns

9. Organization: Form
Closure
fill in the gaps

10. Organization: Form Similarity
image chunks that are similar to each other will be grouped together

11. Violations of Perceptual Organization by Form: Ambiguous Figure

12. Violations of Perceptual Organization by Form: Ambiguous Figure

13. Violations of Perceptual Organization by Form: Impossible Figure

14. Violations of Perceptual Organization by Form: Impossible Figure

15. Violations of Perceptual Organization by Form: Impossible Figure

16. Organization by Constancy
Perceptual Constancy:
the tendency for the environment to be perceived as remaining the same even with changes in sensory input
Size
Shape
Color
Brightness

17. Organization by Color Trichromatic Theory: Opponent-Process Theory:
color perception results from mixing three distinct color systems - red, green, and blue
Opponent-Process Theory:
color perception is based on three systems of color opposites - blue-yellow, red-green, and black-white

18. Organization by Depth Depth Perception:
the ability to see three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are in two dimensions
Binocular Cues
Monocular Cues

19. Depth Perception

20. Binocular Cues: Retinal Disparity

21. Binocular Cues: Retinal Disparity

22. Monocular Cue: Relative Size
assuming same size can discriminate distance

23. Monocular Cue:
Interposition
blocked objects will appear closer

24. Monocular Cue: Relative Clarity
hazy objects are perceived to be further away

25. Monocular Cue: Texture Gradient
coarse objects are perceived as being closer

26. Monocular Cue: Relative Height
higher objects are perceived to be farther away

27. Monocular Cue: Relative Motion
nearer things are perceived to move faster

28. Monocular Cue: Linear Perspectives
more line convergence gives the perception of greater distance

29. Monocular Cue: Relative Brightness
dimmer is perceived to be farther away

30. Perception: Interpretation
Perceptual Adaptation
we adapt to changes in perceptions
Perceptual Set
previous experiences affect our perceptions
Individual Motivation
personal interests affect our perceptions
Frame of Reference
perceptions change as context changes

31. Object Recognition Naïve Template Theory
Visual object would have to match existing template to be perceived
Structural Description Theories
Visual object is recognized by its specific parts and the relationships between its parts.
Multiple Recognition Committees
Visual objects are recognized by multiple means simultaneously
Grandmother Cell Theory
Single cells are responsible for recognizing specific objects

32. Naïve Template Theory

33. Structural Description Theories

34. Multiple Recognition Committees

35. Grandmother Cell Theory