ECHELONMENT OF FIRES AND SUPPORT BY FIRE 11TH INFANTRY REGIMENT ECHELONMENT OF FIRES AND SUPPORT BY FIRE

Control Measures Target Target Reference Point (TRP) Sectors of Fire Trigger Restrictive Fire Line (RFL) Coordinated Fire Line (CFL) Free Fire Area (FFA) No Fire Area (NFA) Boundaries

Target An area designated and numbered for future firing Note: You plan to shoot at this object or point. Can be with direct or indirect fires Ref. Page 1-151 FM 101-5-1

Target Reference Point (TRP) An easily recognizable point on the ground (natural or man-made) used to initiate, distribute, and control fires Numbered/lettered using different system than indirect fire targets TRPs are not always a place/object that you plan to fire at Ref. Page 1-152 FM 101-5-1

Sectors of Fire Defined area which is required to be covered by the fire of individual or crew-served weapons or the weapons of a unit - indicate with TRPs

Trigger Event or time-oriented criteria used to initiate planned actions directed toward achieving surprise and destruction on the enemy Designated point or points (along identifiable terrain) in an engagement area used to mass fires at a pre-determined range Note: Know the reaction time of weapon systems (how long from call to effects on target) and rehearse Ref. Page 1-157 FM 101-5-1

Restrictive Fire Line / Area (RFL / RFA) A line / area established between converging friendly forces Prohibits fires or effects of fires across the line / area without coordination with the affected force Established by the next higher common commander of the converging forces Commonly used in MOUT environment Note: Must be identifiable to soldiers on the ground (I.e. roads, buildings, hills, etc.)

Coordinated Fire Line (CFL) A line beyond which conventional surface fire support means may fire at any time within the zone of the establishing headquarters without additional coordination

Free Fire Area (FFA) A designated area into which any weapon system may fire without additional coordination with the establishing headquarters Ref. Page 1-71, FM 101-5-1

No Fire Area (NFA) Area in which no fires or effects of fires are allowed. Exceptions are: Establishing headquarters approves fires temporarily within the NFA on a mission basis Enemy force within the NFA engages a friendly force, the commander may engage the enemy to defend his force Ref. Page 1-109, FM 101-5-1

Boundaries Control measures normally drawn along identifiable terrain features to delineate areas of tactical responsibility Direct fire may be placed across boundaries on clearly identified enemy targets without prior coordination Indirect fire across boundaries requires coordination with unit on other side of boundary Ref. Page 1-21 FM 101-5-1

Example TRPs Targets Boundaries AB003

Example TRPs Targets Boundaries AB003

Example TRPs Targets Boundaries AB003

Example TRPs Targets Boundaries

Example TRPs Targets Boundaries

Example TRPs Targets Boundaries

Echeloning Example B - A A - C PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD PL DENVER ATK PSN MARY B - A A - C PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD PL DENVER PL DENVER 155mm MSD PL ASPEN PL ASPEN PL BOULDER PL BOULDER PL CO SPRINGS LOA PL CO SPRINGS LOA

Echeloning Example B - A A - C PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD PL DENVER ATK PSN MARY B - A A - C PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD PL DENVER PL DENVER 155mm MSD PL ASPEN PL ASPEN PL BOULDER PL BOULDER PL CO SPRINGS LOA PL CO SPRINGS LOA

Echeloning Example B - A A - C PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD PL DENVER ATK PSN MARY B - A A - C PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD PL DENVER PL DENVER PL ASPEN PL ASPEN 105mm MSD PL BOULDER PL BOULDER PL CO SPRINGS LOA PL CO SPRINGS LOA

Echeloning Example B - A A - C PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD PL DENVER ATK PSN MARY B - A A - C PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD PL DENVER PL DENVER PL ASPEN PL ASPEN 105mm MSD PL BOULDER PL BOULDER PL CO SPRINGS LOA PL CO SPRINGS LOA

Echeloning Example B - A A - C PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD PL DENVER ATK PSN MARY B - A A - C PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD PL DENVER PL DENVER PL ASPEN PL ASPEN PL BOULDER 81mm MSD PL BOULDER PL CO SPRINGS LOA PL CO SPRINGS LOA

Echeloning Example B - A A - C PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD PL DENVER ATK PSN MARY B - A A - C PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD PL DENVER PL DENVER PL ASPEN PL ASPEN PL BOULDER 81mm MSD PL BOULDER PL CO SPRINGS LOA PL CO SPRINGS LOA

Echeloning Example B - A A - C PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD PL DENVER ATK PSN MARY B - A A - C PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD PL DENVER PL DENVER PL ASPEN PL ASPEN SBF PL BOULDER 81mm MSD PL BOULDER PL CO SPRINGS LOA PL CO SPRINGS LOA

Echeloning Example B - A A - C (+) (-) PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD PL DENVER ATK PSN MARY B - A A - C PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD PL DENVER PL DENVER (+) PL ASPEN PL ASPEN (-) SBF PL BOULDER ATK BF 81mm MSD PL BOULDER PL CO SPRINGS LOA PL CO SPRINGS LOA

Echeloning Example B - A A - C (+) (-) PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD PL DENVER ATK PSN MARY B - A A - C PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD PL DENVER PL DENVER (+) PL ASPEN PL ASPEN (-) SBF PL BOULDER ATK BF PL BOULDER 60mm MSD PL CO SPRINGS LOA PL CO SPRINGS LOA

Echeloning Example B - A A - C (+) (-) PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD PL DENVER ATK PSN MARY B - A A - C PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD PL DENVER PL DENVER (+) PL ASPEN PL ASPEN (-) SBF PL BOULDER ATK BF PL BOULDER 60mm MSD PL CO SPRINGS LOA PL CO SPRINGS LOA

Echeloning Example B - A A - C (+) (-) PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD PL DENVER ATK PSN MARY B - A A - C PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD PL DENVER PL DENVER (+) PL ASPEN PL ASPEN (-) SBF PL BOULDER ATK BF PL BOULDER PL CO SPRINGS LOA PL CO SPRINGS LOA

Echeloning Example B - A A - C (+) (-) PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD PL DENVER ATK PSN MARY B - A A - C PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD PL DENVER PL DENVER (+) PL ASPEN PL ASPEN (-) SBF PL BOULDER ATK BF PL BOULDER PL CO SPRINGS LOA PL CO SPRINGS LOA

Echeloning Example B - A A - C (+) (-) PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD PL DENVER ATK PSN MARY B - A A - C PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD PL DENVER PL DENVER (+) PL ASPEN PL ASPEN SBF PL BOULDER (-) ATK BF PL BOULDER PL CO SPRINGS LOA PL CO SPRINGS LOA

Echeloning Example B - A A - C (+) (-) PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD PL DENVER ATK PSN MARY B - A A - C PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD PL DENVER PL DENVER (+) PL ASPEN PL ASPEN SBF PL BOULDER (-) ATK BF PL BOULDER PL CO SPRINGS LOA PL CO SPRINGS LOA

Echeloning Example B - A A - C (+) (-) PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD PL DENVER ATK PSN MARY B - A A - C PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD PL DENVER PL DENVER (+) PL ASPEN PL ASPEN SBF PL BOULDER PL BOULDER (-) PL CO SPRINGS LOA PL CO SPRINGS LOA

PL Decisions Criteria to call for / what type of rounds / weapons? What effects do I want on the target? When should I fire the target? Distance from target Time rounds will reach target Time troops will reach target Number of rounds available Restrictions / Constraints Who will observe / call targets? When should rounds / weapons cease / change?

TTPs for Tracking MSDs Use PLGR in continuous mode, put in targets as waypoints. Use identifiable terrain features that are close to the MSD distance. Base decisions off the location of the element closest to the target location Give element closest to the friendly fire/target means to communicate with the firing element and means of tracking their location (PLGR).

Surface Danger Zone The segment of the range area which is endangered by a particular type of weapon firing Minimize risk Comply with these in combat when possible Ref. Page 1-3 AR 385-63

Surface Danger Zone Impact Area – five degrees of dispersion on both sides of gun target line Ricochet Area – five degrees beyond both sides of impact area Area A – parallels impact area laterally (contain fragments) Area B – downrange side of impact area (contain fragments) Area F – rear of weapon (endangered by effects)

SDZ Example AREA B AREA A DISPERSION AREA RICOCHET AREA AREA F IMPACT AREA DISPERSION AREA AREA A GUN TARGET LINE RICOCHET AREA DISTANCES X AREA F

Surface Danger Zone Shifting fires - 40 degrees - 15 degrees

Commands Shift Fire Lift Fire Cease Fire

Shift Fire Command to move the cone of fire in a direction away from a friendly maneuvering force Enemy forces continue to be struck by the beaten zone at the same time the friendly unit moves Note: Do not “shift” off of the enemy and fire rounds into wood line where no known/suspected enemy exist. Commands should be specific, telling soldiers where to shift to. Ref. Page 1-140 FM 101-5-1

Lift Fire In direct fire, the command to raise the cone of fire so that the beaten zone strikes the target The space between the target and the firing weapon is safe for maneuver by friendly forces Note: Lift fire does not mean the same thing as cease fire! When you lift fire you keep shooting! Ref. Page 1-91 FM 101-5-1

Cease Fire A command given to any firing unit or individual firing any weapon to stop engaging the target Note: When heard, stop shooting! Ref. Page 1-24 of FM 101-5-1

Fire Commands Leaders use to direct fires Alert Direction Description Range Method of fire Command to fire - Subsequent fire commands - Termination of fire

Fire Commands Gun 1, Fire Mission Front Reference: Bunker, Center Mass Troops 300 Traverse / Sustained At My Command, Fire Cease Fire

Rate of Fire Ref. FM 7-8 App. B/ FM 3-22.68 - Cyclic (M240B: 650-950 per min) - Rapid (M240B: 200 per min/ 6-9 burst) - Sustained (M240B: 100 per min/ 6-9 burst) Watch and Shoot Engage TGTs with well-aimed fire within your assigned sector or PDF (i.e. TGTs of opportunity)

Factors Effecting Direct and Indirect Fires Enemy Situation (Any NCs / COBs in AO?) Terrain Wooded Desert MOUT Visibility NVGs Javelin Clue / Dragon Night Site

Factors Effecting Direct and Indirect Fires Mastering Equipment Tie downs TLPs Keep up with manuals / Hands on training Basic / Advanced Land Navigation Skills Crew Drills Solid Fire Control Procedures Proper Radio Procedures Soldier / Leader Proficiency Physical Fitness Bottom Line: Training to Fight and Win is KEY

Limited Visibility PVS 7B line of sight 150 meters (no illum) 300 meters (illum) Capable of seeing 60mm and 81mm within MSD Targets seem closer or further under NODS? Factors of depth perception? Must rely on Terrain Association Pace Count PLGR skills

SECTOR: L015-R030 N How does the PL establish a SBF?

N Support By Fire CHECKLIST DIRECTION OF ASSUALT RAPID SUSTAINED AB0002 Security Support By Fire Position provides FOF on EN positions provides cover and concealment observation of maneuver force Establish TRPs / Refine TGTs disseminate to SBF and Assault Confirm Route for Assault Element Confirm Signals / Triggers (Primary / Alt) Position Weapon Systems Assign sectors of fire crew served (Metal to Metal) engagement priorities Engagement priorities Observation/ security to flanks and rear Maintains communication with maneuver force to provide updates on EN situation Support By Fire CHECKLIST N 3 SHIFTED FIRE 2 AB0001 1 DIRECTION OF ASSUALT SHIFT FIRE Example: REAR/ FLANK SECURITY 249 TL 203 AG 240 249 TL 203 AG 240 PSG , MEDIC, FO SBF WEAPON POSITIONING REAR / FLANK RAPID WSL SUSTAINED

CONDUCT OVERWATCH SUPPORT BY FIRE ARTEP 7-8 MTP 07-3-1252 (OCT 2001) Leader Tasks: Gains / Maintains situational understanding Receive OPORD and Issues WARNORD Plans using TLPs - Enemy Disposition, Composition - Movement times 4. Disseminates reports, overlays, pertinent info. - Tentative Positions:RTEs ORP, SBF, ATK POSN, ASLT POSN, TRPs, TGTs 5. Issues orders instructions including ROE 6. Conducts rehearsals -Actions On, Signals, Fire Control 7. Issues Frago addressing changes identified during rehearsal Conducts reconnaissance (based on factors of METT-TC ) - Emplaces security - Selects SBF with good FOF on enemy and observation of maneuver force - Provides adequate cover and concealment 1 of 3

CONDUCT OVERWATCH SUPPORT BY FIRE ARTEP 7-8 MTP 07-3-1252 Leader Tasks: 8. Reconnaissance (Cont.) - Confirms / Selects TRPs, Refines TGTs - Develops plan to take SBF by force if occupied by enemy - Returns to platoon 9. Adjusts plan with updated intelligence 10. Updates enemy situation 11. Disseminates updated information Tactically moves to and occupies SBF position - Uses cover and concealed routes - Maintains security - Emplaces weapon systems - Observes (continually) movement of assault element 13. Leader positions himself to control the battle Conducts overwatch - Keeps supported element informed of enemy situation Employs indirect fires - Calls for adjustments to suppress, obscure, destroy or screen movement of assault element 2 of 3

CONDUCT OVERWATCH SUPPORT BY FIRE ARTEP 7-8 MTP 07-3-1252 Leader Tasks: 16. Employs direct fires - Repositions as necessary to maintain observation and effective fires on enemy - Assigns priority targets to each weapon system (Javelin : Armored vehicles, fortified positions) (240B : Light skinned vehicles, exposed positions) - Shifts / Ceases fires on order or by predetermined signals - Doesn’t hinder or block mvmt of assault element through direct or indirect fire 17. Moves to OBJ if ordered or required 18. Conducts consolidation reorganization 19. Secures EPWs 20. Treat / Evacuates casualties 21. Processes captured documents and or equipment 22. Continues operations as directed 3 of 3

SUPPORT BY FIRE 80 – 100 m PSG , MEDIC, FO REAR / FLANK SECURITY AG 240B AR G BTL ATL 80 – 100 m SQUAD M240B Teams HEADQUARTERS IN A DEFENSE, WITH DUG-IN POSITIONS AND OVERHEAD COVER, A SQUAD OCCUPIES 80-100M OF GROUND. FM 7-8, PG 2-80

VOLUME VERSUS ACCURACY Dynamics of Firing Effectiveness Accuracy of Fire Volume of Fire Assault. See Note 2 Initial Contact. See Note 1 Note 1: Leaders control the rate and distribution of fires. After the initial contact and a high rate of fire with low accuracy, leaders gain control of the fires and increase accuracy while decreasing volume. Note 2: Increase volume just before assault. CYCLIC RAPID SUSTAINED

N PL has received contact and sees an open area. What now? TGT AB0002 SECTOR: L355-R005 PL has received contact and sees an open area. What now?

Prepping Target A-FSO this is A16, shift priority target AB0001 and prep new target AB0002 – over New grid for AB0001 GL 12345678 – over Grid for AB0002 GL 12345678 – over Fire targets AB0001 and AB0002 at my command – over

N SECTOR: L015-R030 PL is establishing SBF. What now?

Firing Target A-FSO this is A16, fire AB0001, troops in the open, danger close – over A-FSO this is A16, fire AB0002, intersection in woods, danger close – over Shift targets accordingly

81 mm 350 m N SECTOR: L015-R030 60 mm 250 m

N 81 mm PL is ready to maneuver ASSLT element. Can fires continue? SECTOR: L015-R030 60 mm 250 m PL is ready to maneuver ASSLT element. Can fires continue? 40 deg SDZ SHIFT FIRE SIGNAL

N 60 mm Do IDF cease or shift? What should leaders watch for? DOF: 005 DEG SECTOR: L315-R325 40 deg SDZ Do IDF cease or shift? What should leaders watch for? CEASE FIRE SIGNAL ASSLT POS 40 deg SDZ

N DOA: 315 DEG

N DOA: 315 DEG SECTOR: L010-R060

N DOA: 315 DEG SECTOR: L010-R060

N LOA

250 m N 60 mm FPF PL is cons. and reorg. What can be established during this process?

N How would this differ during a deliberate attack?

Questions