1. PERFORM OVERWATCH/SUPPORT BY FIRE

2. Agenda Planning –Mission Analysis –Task Organization –ID Key Events –Rates of Fire –SBF Math Layout Execution –Occupation –Control –Displacement

3. Planning - Mission Analysis Standard mission analysis Look at task and purpose first - the purpose will help you how to break down sub-tasks Assets Available (M240Bs, M203, M249, MTR, SNP,.50 cal, JAV, Mk-19, AT4, LAW, RW/FW CAS, C2, FO, Medic, Security) What is your Decisive Point How can you influence the Decisive Point Use HE to Kill / Destroy - Small Arms to suppress Terrain - will determine Equipment List - Tripods, Sustained Fire Kits, lasers, radios, ammo, SKEDCOs, Quad, Thermals, Bat Lights, Strobes, GPS, Viper, Binos, 3x Magnifiers, AC130 beacons, CLUs, spare barrels

4. Planning - Task Organization Must have security for your element Assign Task and Purpose to each element (may have multiple sub-unit tasks - suppress, block, fix, isolate,etc) One event must allow the next event to happen (H-00:08 to H-00:05 A/C allows RW CAS to infil; H-00:05 to H- 00:02 RW CAS allows 60mm MTR sec to infil, H-:02 to H- HR MTRs allow SBF to infil, H-HR M240Bs fire to allow AT Sec to move into position, etc) If you need more assets - ask! Angles, MSDs, REDS, SDZs - control / limit them through your planning - don’t let them control you ID TRPs or Engagement Areas to focus fires, shifts, etc Must have coverage over entire area trying to suppress but at the same time don’t waste too many weapons systems on one target

5. Planning - ID Key Events Goes back to purpose of SBF Position Examples: –Support Breach –Destroy Bunkers –Destroy Guard Towers –Destroy C2 Buildings / Bunkers –Infil of subsequent A/C serials –Counter-Attack / Consolidation and Reorganization Allocate weapon systems and ammo to each (integrated into the Assault Leaders maneuver plan) Might have to split up or displace to subsequent positions to accomplish these tasks After you have allocated ammo / weapons for key events then you can look at suppression to allow movement (this time estimate must be given to you by Assault Leader)

6. Echeloning Example B - A ATK PSN MARY 155mm MSD PL CO SPRINGS LOA PL CO SPRINGS LOA PL ASPEN PL DENVER PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD A - C PL BOULDER

7. Echeloning Example B - A ATK PSN MARY 155mm MSD PL CO SPRINGS LOA PL CO SPRINGS LOA PL ASPEN PL DENVER PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD A - C PL BOULDER

8. Echeloning Example B - A ATK PSN MARY PL CO SPRINGS LOA PL CO SPRINGS LOA PL ASPEN PL DENVER PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD A - C PL BOULDER 105mm MSD

9. Echeloning Example B - A ATK PSN MARY PL ASPEN PL DENVER PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD A - C PL BOULDER PL CO SPRINGS LOA PL CO SPRINGS LOA

10. Echeloning Example B - A ATK PSN MARY PL ASPEN PL DENVER PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD A - C PL BOULDER PL CO SPRINGS LOA PL CO SPRINGS LOA 81mm MSD

11. Echeloning Example B - A ATK PSN MARY PL ASPEN PL DENVER PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD A - C PL BOULDER PL CO SPRINGS LOA PL CO SPRINGS LOA 81mm MSD

12. Echeloning Example B - A ATK PSN MARY PL ASPEN PL DENVER PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD A - C PL BOULDER PL CO SPRINGS LOA PL CO SPRINGS LOA 81mm MSD SBF

13. Echeloning Example B - A ATK PSN MARY PL ASPEN PL DENVER PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD A - C PL BOULDER PL CO SPRINGS LOA PL CO SPRINGS LOA SBF (-) 81mm MSD ATK BF (+)

14. Echeloning Example B - A ATK PSN MARY PL ASPEN PL DENVER PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD A - C PL BOULDER PL CO SPRINGS LOA PL CO SPRINGS LOA SBF (-) ATK BF 60mm MSD (+)

15. Echeloning Example B - A ATK PSN MARY PL ASPEN PL DENVER PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD A - C PL BOULDER PL CO SPRINGS LOA PL CO SPRINGS LOA SBF 60mm MSD (-) ATK BF (+)

16. Echeloning Example B - A ATK PSN MARY PL ASPEN PL DENVER PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD A - C PL BOULDER PL CO SPRINGS LOA PL CO SPRINGS LOA SBF (-) ATK BF (+)

17. Echeloning Example B - A ATK PSN MARY PL ASPEN PL DENVER PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD A - C PL BOULDER PL CO SPRINGS LOA PL CO SPRINGS LOA SBF (-) ATK BF (+)

18. Echeloning Example B - A ATK PSN MARY PL ASPEN PL DENVER PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD A - C PL BOULDER PL CO SPRINGS LOA PL CO SPRINGS LOA SBF (-) ATK BF (+)

19. Echeloning Example B - A ATK PSN MARY PL ASPEN PL DENVER PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD A - C PL BOULDER PL CO SPRINGS LOA PL CO SPRINGS LOA SBF (-) ATK BF (+)

20. Echeloning Example B - A ATK PSN MARY PL ASPEN PL DENVER PL VAIL LD PL VAIL LD A - C PL BOULDER PL CO SPRINGS LOA PL CO SPRINGS LOA SBF (-) (+)

21. Planning - Rates of Fire Sustained –100 rounds per minute –Fired in 6-9 round bursts –4-5 seconds between bursts (barrel change every 10 minutes) Rapid –200 rounds per minute –Fired in 10-12 round bursts –2-3 seconds between bursts (barrel change every 2 minutes) Cyclic –650-950 rounds per minute –Continuous bursts (barrel change every minute)

22. Planning - SBF Math Must do it for each Weapon System M240B Example - 3 x M240Bs in SBF Position 1) ID Key Events Breach Chain Link Fence Counter-Attack of 3-4 Light Skinned Vehicles with 30 Enemy PAX C&R 2) Allocate ammo to each key event Breach (30 seconds rapid prior to breach / 30 seconds after) = 200 rds per 100 rounds per gun for Counter-Attack = 100 rounds per 200 rounds per gun for C&R = 200 rounds per 3) Support movements with suppressive fires Support movement to breach (10 minutes) = SROF is 100 rds per minute x 10 minutes = 1000 rounds divided by 2 guns = 500 rounds per gun. Support movement from 1st OBJ to the next (5 minutes) = SROF of 100 rds per minute x 5 minutes = 500 rounds divided by 2 guns = 250 rounds per gun 4) Add everything together Breach (200) + Counter-Attack (100) + C&R (200) + 1st movement (500) + 2nd movement (250) = 1250 rounds per gun IS THIS TOO MUCH - WHAT DO I HAVE RIGHT NOW????

23. Planning - SBF Math Look at the key events - Can we flex there? NO How much fire am I getting during my movements? –100 rounds per minute (SROF = 1(6 to 9 round) burst every 4-5 seconds = 12 bursts total = 100 rounds) 100 x 10minutes = 1000rds divided by 2 guns = 500 –Do I need that? Not necessarily - OK work backwards I want one 9 round burst every 10 seconds –60 seconds divided by 10 seconds = 6 bursts per minute x 9 round bursts = 54 rounds per minute x 10 minutes = 540 rounds divided by 2 guns = 270 rounds per gun (a difference of 230 rounds per gun from the original) New round count = 1020 rounds per gun And all you gave up was 5 seconds in between bursts

24. Layout Look at angles - how can I cover all the areas I need to (Angles) Don’t neglect rear and flank security C2 where you need it Where can FO see and adjust fires Do I have to displace guns to accomplish my purpose Do I have redundancy? (BPTs?) Who helps me if I get into trouble? Where are CAS Holding Orbits - do they effect my direct and indirect fires? OBJ C2 CCP

25. Execution - Occupation Security element leads in The biggest weapon system gets the best position If not covert, then one event allows the next to happen (ie mortars fire on the OBJ to allow the SBF element to move into position without being engaged by effective fire, then the M240Bs fire to allow the mortars to move forward (to go hand held) and to allow the AT team to come forward and destroy __). All of this sets conditions to allow the assault force to move forward to ___) If it is not covert, then some or all (METT-T) M240Bs need to go to bipod initially - once you have sufficient suppressive fires, then cycle the M240Bs one at a time to tripod WSL / SBF Element Leader needs to positively ID sectors of fire (lasers / tracers) and activate them and give initial fire command to get everyone started After that element leaders continue to search for better positions to fire (angles) and watch/monitor assault force progress FO moves to position where he can observe and control fires

26. Execution - Control Overall element leader makes calls to assault force leader or overall GFC Must have a solid comms architecture (primary and backup) within the SBF Position All must know and understand lift and shift signals Use WSLs to control M240B gunners - have the next higher leader monitor assault force progress and signal shifts / lifts Must have good lash-up with your security element CCP Operations - and tie-in with Company Exfil HLZs - good task for security element to clear and secure WSLs must know round counts ID a level of leader that can allow you to dip into ammunition allocated for C&R and Counter-Attacks (not the individual gunners choice!!) Give SA to Assault Force leader if you are in a vantage point to see Let everyone know before executing a Big Bang (AT, CAS, etc) Must do airspace deconfliction if controlling assets that fly and shoot

27. Execution - Displacement Not the whole element at once Still might have to clear that location of enemy PAX Breakdown M240Bs the same way you set them up - cycle them off tripod (one at a time) to bipod and then once on bipod you can get ready to move Send up a recon party to make sure you can accomplish your purpose at the next location Rehearse RTC with this hodge-podge element in the event that you do take contact

28. Control Measures Target Target Reference Point (TRP) Sectors of Fire Trigger Restrictive Fire Line (RFL) Coordinated Fire Line (CFL) Free Fire Area (FFA) No Fire Area (NFA) Boundaries

29. Target An area designated and numbered for future firing Note: You plan to shoot at this object or point with Indirect Fires Ref. Page 3-24 FM 101-5-1

30. An easily recognizable point on the ground (natural or man-made) used to initiate, distribute, and control fires Numbered/lettered using different system than indirect fire targets TRPs are not always a place/object that you plan to fire at Ref. Page 1-152 FM 101-5-1 Target Reference Point (TRP)

31. Sectors of Fire Defined area which is required to be covered by the fire of individual or crew- served weapons or the weapons of a unit - indicate with TRPs

32. Trigger Event or time-oriented criteria used to initiate planned actions directed toward achieving surprise and destruction on the enemy Designated point or points (along identifiable terrain) in an engagement area used to mass fires at a pre-determined range Note: Know the reaction time of weapon systems (how long from call to effects on target) and rehearse Ref. Page 1-157 FM 101-5-1

33. Restrictive Fire Line / Area (RFL / RFA) A line / area established between converging friendly forces Prohibits fires or effects of fires across the line / area without coordination with the affected force Established by the next higher common commander of the converging forces Commonly used in MOUT environment Note: Must be identifiable to soldiers on the ground (I.e. roads, buildings, hills, etc.)

34. Coordinated Fire Line (CFL) A line beyond which conventional surface fire support means may fire at any time within the zone of the establishing headquarters without additional coordination

35. Free Fire Area (FFA) A designated area into which any weapon system may fire without additional coordination with the establishing headquarters Ref. Page 1-71, FM 101-5-1

36. No Fire Area (NFA) Area in which no fires or effects of fires are allowed. Exceptions are: – Establishing headquarters approves fires temporarily within the NFA on a mission basis – Enemy force within the NFA engages a friendly force, the commander may engage the enemy to defend his force Ref. Page 1-109, FM 101-5-1

37. Boundaries Control measures normally drawn along identifiable terrain features to delineate areas of tactical responsibility Direct fire may be placed across boundaries on clearly identified enemy targets without prior coordination Indirect fire across boundaries requires coordination with unit on other side of boundary Ref. Page 1-21 FM 101-5-1

38. Example TRPs Targets Boundaries AB003

39. Example TRPs Targets Boundaries AB003

40. Example TRPs Targets Boundaries AB003

41. Example TRPs Targets Boundaries

42. Example TRPs Targets Boundaries

43. Example TRPs Targets Boundaries

44. Criteria to call for / what type of rounds / weapons? What effects do I want on the target? When should I fire the target? –Distance from target –Time rounds will reach target –Time troops will reach target –Number of rounds available Restrictions / Constraints Who will observe / call targets? When should rounds / weapons cease / change? PL Decisions

45. Use PLGR in continuous mode, put in targets as waypoints. Use identifiable terrain features that are close to the MSD distance. Base decisions off the location of the element closest to the target location Give element closest to the friendly fire/target means to communicate with the firing element and means of tracking their location (PLGR). TTPs for Tracking MSDs

46. Surface Danger Zone The segment of the range area which is endangered by a particular type of weapon firing Minimize risk Comply with these in combat when possible Ref. Page 1-3 AR 385-63

47. Surface Danger Zone Impact Area – five degrees of dispersion on both sides of gun target line Ricochet Area – five degrees beyond both sides of impact area Area A – parallels impact area laterally (contain fragments) Area B – downrange side of impact area (contain fragments) Area F – rear of weapon (endangered by effects)

48. SDZ Example GUN TARGET LINE DISTANCES X DISPERSION AREA RICOCHET AREA IMPACT AREA AREA F AREA A AREA B

49. Surface Danger Zone Shifting fires - 40 degrees - 15 degrees

50. Fire Commands Gun 1, Fire Mission Front Reference: Bunker, Center Mass Troops 300 meters Traverse / Sustained At My Command, Fire Cease Fire

51. N SECTOR: L015-R030 How does the PL establish a SBF?

52. N 1 2 3 AB0001AB0002 Security Support By Fire Position provides FOF on EN positions provides cover and concealment observation of maneuver force Establish TRPs / Refine TGTs disseminate to SBF and Assault Confirm Route for Assault Element Confirm Signals / Triggers (Primary / Alt) Position Weapon Systems Assign sectors of fire crew served (Metal to Metal) engagement priorities Engagement priorities Observation/ security to flanks and rear Maintains communication with maneuver force to provide updates on EN situation DIRECTION OF ASSUALT Support By Fire CHECKLIST SHIFT FIRE SHIFTED FIRE RAPIDRAPID SUSTAINEDSUSTAINED WSL Example: REAR/ FLANK SECURITY 249 TL 203 AG 240 PSG, MEDIC, FO SBF WEAPON POSITIONING REAR / FLANK SECURITY

53. N SECTOR: L015-R030 PL is establishing SBF. What now?

54. N SECTOR: L015-R030 60 mm 250 m 81 mm 350 m

55. N SECTOR: L015-R030 SHIFT FIRE SIGNAL PL is ready to maneuver ASSLT element. Can fires continue? 60 mm 250 m 81 mm 350 m 40 deg SDZ

56. N DOF: 005 DEG ASSLT POS SECTOR: L315-R325 CEASE FIRE SIGNAL Do IDF cease or shift? What should leaders watch for? 40 deg SDZ 60 mm 250 m

57. N DOA: 315 DEG

58. N SECTOR: L010-R060

59. N DOA: 315 DEG SECTOR: L010-R060

60. N LOA

61. N PL is cons. and reorg. What can be established during this process? 60 mm FPF 250 m

62. N How would this differ during a deliberate attack?

63. MORTARS:60-mm 81-mm107-mm 120-mm MAX Range3500 4800/58006840 7200 MIN Range70 70/80770 200 MAX RoF (RPM)30 25/3018 15 Sus. RoF (RPM)20 8/153 4 TRNG MSD250m 350m550m 600m CBT MSD100m 180m210m 250m Ammo and FusesHE, WP, Illum / PD, VT, TI, delay FIELD ARTILLERY:105-mm 155-mm M102 M119A1M109A5/A6 M198 Basic Range11400 1150018200 18300 Extended RangeNA 14000 DPICM Range10500 1410017900 18000 RAP Range15300 1950030000 30100 Sus. RoF (RPM)3 31 2 TRNG MSD550m 725m CBT MSD210m 270m Ammo and FusesHE, WP, Illum, HC, D/APICMHE, WP, Illum, HC, D/APICM, Smoke

64. SUMMARY Planning –Mission Analysis –Task Organization –ID Key Events –Rates of Fire –SBF Math Layout Execution –Occupation –Control –Displacement

65. Questions

66. “War is the remedy our enemies have chosen, and I say let them have all they want.” -Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman