Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation Part B Shilla Chakrabarty, Ph.D.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Compound Light Microscope

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomical Position Standard anatomical body position: Body erect Feet slightly apart Palms facing forward

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Body Positions Supine position Body lying down with face up Prone position Body lying with face down

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Regional Terms Regional terms designate specific areas Two major divisions of body:  Axial Head, neck, and trunk  Appendicular Limbs

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.7a Cervical (a) Anterior/Ventral Pubic (genital) Cephalic Frontal Orbital Nasal Oral Mental Thoracic Axillary Mammary Sternal Abdominal Umbilical Pelvic Inguinal (groin) Upper limb Acromial Brachial (arm) Antecubital Antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist) Manus (hand) Palmar Pollex Digital Lower limb Coxal (hip) Femoral (thigh) Patellar Crural (leg) Fibular or peroneal Pedal (foot) Tarsal (ankle) Metatarsal Digital Hallux Thorax Abdomen Back (Dorsum)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.7b Cervical Back (dorsal) (b) Posterior/Dorsal Scapular Vertebral Lumbar Sacral Gluteal Perineal (between anus and external genitalia) Upper limb Acromial Brachial (arm) Olecranal Antebrachial (forearm) Manus (hand) Metacarpal Digital Lower limb Femoral (thigh) Popliteal Sural (calf) Fibular or peroneal Pedal (foot) Calcaneal Plantar Cephalic Otic Occipital (back of head) Thorax Abdomen Back (Dorsum)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Body Planes Plane: Flat surface along which body or structure is cut for anatomical study  Sagittal plane: Divides body vertically into right and left parts; produces a sagittal section Midsagittal (median) plane: Lies on midline Parasagittal plane: Not on midline  Frontal (coronal) plane: Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts  Transverse (horizontal) plane: Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts; produces a cross section  Oblique section: Cuts made diagonally

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.8 Transverse plane Median (midsagittal) plane Frontal plane Liver Spleen Pancreas Aorta Vertebral column Spinal cord Subcutaneous fat layer Body wall Rectum Intestines Left and right lungs LiverHeart Stomach Spleen Arm (a) Frontal section (through torso) (b) Transverse section (through torso, inferior view) (c) Median section (midsagittal) Body Planes

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Body Positions

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomical Variability Over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook descriptions, but:  Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of place  Small muscles may be missing Variations Of The Superior Thyroid Artery

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Body Cavities  Dorsal cavity: Protects nervous system Subdivisions are: Cranial cavity: Encases the brain Vertebral cavity: Encases spinal cord  Ventral cavity: Houses internal organs Subdivisions are: Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.9a-b Cranial cavity (contains brain) Dorsal body cavity Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Cranial cavity Superior mediastinum Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Pleural cavity Vertebral cavity Abdomino- pelvic cavity Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities) Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Diaphragm Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) (a) Lateral view(b) Anterior view Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Body Cavities

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Ventral Body Cavities Thoracic cavity subdivisions:  Two pleural cavities Each houses a lung  Mediastinum Contains the pericardial cavity Surrounds thoracic organs  Pericardial cavity Encloses heart

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Ventral Body Cavities Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions:  Abdominal cavity Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver  Pelvic cavity Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.9a-b Cranial cavity (contains brain) Dorsal body cavity Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Cranial cavity Superior mediastinum Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Pleural cavity Vertebral cavity Abdomino- pelvic cavity Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities) Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Diaphragm Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) (a) Lateral view(b) Anterior view Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Body Cavities

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.10a-b Outer balloon wall (comparable to parietal serosa) Air (comparable to serous cavity) Inner balloon wall (comparable to visceral serosa) Heart Parietal pericardium Pericardial space with serous fluid Visceral pericardium (b) The serosae associated with the heart. Serosa:  Covering membranes for body cavities that do not open to the exterior  Thin, double-layered membrane separated by serous fluid Parietal serosa lines internal body walls Visceral serosa covers the internal organs Serous Membrane (Serosa)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.10a-b Outer balloon wall (comparable to parietal serosa) Air (comparable to serous cavity) Inner balloon wall (comparable to visceral serosa) Heart Parietal pericardium Pericardial space with serous fluid Visceral pericardium (b) The serosae associated with the heart.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.11 Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.12 Epigastric region Umbilical region Right lumbar region Left lumbar region Right hypochondriac region Left hypochondriac region Hypogastric (pubic) region Right iliac (inguinal) region Left iliac (inguinal) region Liver Gallbladder Ascending colon of large intestine Small intestine Appendix Cecum Diaphragm Stomach Descending colon of large intestine Transverse colon of large intestine Initial part of sigmoid colon Urinary bladder (a) Nine regions delineated by four planes(b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs Abdominopelvic Regions

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Other Body Cavities Oral and digestive cavities Nasal cavity Orbital cavities Middle ear cavities Synovial cavities