1. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

2. 1.5 Anatomical Terms Anatomical Position and Directional Terms
Standard anatomical position
Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from body
Directional terms describe one body structure in relation to another body structure
Direction is always based on standard anatomical position
Right and left refer to the body being viewed, not right and left of observer
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3. Table 1.1-1 Orientation and Directional Terms
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4. Table 1.1-2 Orientation and Directional Terms (continued)
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5. Table 1.1-3 Orientation and Directional Terms (continued)
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6. Regional Terms Two major divisions of body
Axial
Head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular
Limbs (legs and arms)
Regional terms designate specific areas within body divisions
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7. Figure 1.7a Regional terms used to designate specific body areas.
Cephalic
Frontal
Orbital
Nasal
Oral
Upper limb
Mental
Acromial
Cervical
Brachial (arm)
Antecubital
Thoracic
Sternal
Axillary
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Mammary
Carpal (wrist)
Abdominal
Umbilical
Manus (hand)
Pelvic
Inguinal
(groin)
Palmar
Pollex
Digital
Lower limb
Coxal (hip)
Pubic (genital)
Femoral (thigh)
Patellar
Crural (leg)
Fibular or peroneal
Pedal (foot)
Thorax
Tarsal (ankle)
Abdomen
Metatarsal
Digital
Hallux
Anterior/Ventral
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8. Figure 1.7b Regional terms used to designate specific body areas.
Cephalic
Otic
Occipital (back
of head)
Upper limb
Acromial
Cervical
Brachial (arm)
Olecranal
Back (dorsal)
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Scapular
Vertebral
Lumbar
Manus (hand)
Metacarpal
Sacral
Gluteal
Digital
Perineal (between
anus and external
genitalia)
Lower limb
Femoral (thigh)
Popliteal
Sural (calf)
Fibular or peroneal
Pedal (foot)
Calcaneal
Back (Dorsum)
Plantar
Posterior/Dorsal
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9. Body Planes and Sections
Surfaces along which body or structures may be cut for anatomical study
Three most common planes:
Sagittal plane
Frontal (coronal) plane
Transverse (horizontal) plane
Sections
Cuts or sections made along a body plane
Named after plane, so a sagittal cut results in a sagittal section
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10. Body Planes and Sections (cont.)
Sagittal plane
Divides body vertically into right and left parts
Produces a sagittal section if cut along this plane
Midsagittal (median) plane
Cut was made perfectly on midline
Parasagittal plane
Cut was off-centered, not on midline
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11. Body Planes and Sections (cont.)
Frontal (coronal) plane
Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts (front and back)
Produces a frontal or coronal section
Transverse (horizontal) plane
Divides body horizontally (90° to vertical plane) into superior and inferior parts (top and bottom)
Produces a cross section
Oblique section
Result of cuts at angle other than 90° to vertical plane
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12. Median (midsagittal) plane Frontal (coronal) plane Transverse plane
Figure 1.8 Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.
Median (midsagittal) plane
Frontal (coronal) plane
Transverse plane
Vertebral
column
Right
lung
Left
lung
Heart
Liver
Aorta
Pancreas
Spleen
Rectum Intestines
Liver
Stomach
Spleen
Subcutaneous
fat layer
Spinal
cord
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13. Median (midsagittal) plane
Figure 1.8a Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.
Median (midsagittal) plane
Vertebral
column
Rectum Intestines
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14. Frontal (coronal) plane
Figure 1.8b Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.
Frontal (coronal) plane
Right
lung
Left
lung
Heart
Liver
Stomach
Spleen
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15. Transverse plane Liver Aorta Pancreas Spleen Subcutaneous fat layer
Figure 1.8c Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.
Transverse plane
Liver
Aorta
Pancreas
Spleen
Subcutaneous
fat layer
Spinal
cord
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16. 1.6 Body Cavities and Membranes
Body contains internal cavities that are closed to environment
Cavities provide different degrees of protection to organs within them
Two sets of cavities
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
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17. Dorsal Body Cavity Protects fragile nervous system Two subdivisions
Cranial cavity
Encases brain
Vertebral cavity
Encases spinal cord
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18. Figure 1.9 Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions.
Cranial
cavity
Cranial
cavity
(contains
brain)
Vertebral
cavity
Dorsal
body
cavity
Superior
mediastinum
Thoracic
cavity
(contains
heart and
lungs)
Pleural
cavity
Pericardial
cavity within
the mediastinum
Vertebral
cavity
(contains
spinal
cord)
Diaphragm
Ventral body
cavity
(thoracic and
abdomino-
pelvic
cavities)
Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive
viscera)
Abdomino-
pelvic
cavity
Pelvic cavity
(contains urinary
bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum)
Dorsal body
cavity
Ventral body
cavity
Lateral view
Anterior view
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19. Ventral Body Cavity
Houses the internal organs (collectively called viscera)
Two subdivisions, which are separated by the diaphragm
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
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20. Ventral Body Cavity (cont.)
Thoracic cavity
Two pleural cavities
Each cavity surrounds one lung
Mediastinum
Contains pericardial cavity
Surrounds other thoracic organs, such as esophagus, trachea, etc.
Pericardial cavity
Encloses heart
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21. Ventral Body Cavity (cont.)
Abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver
Pelvic cavity
Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
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22. Figure 1.9 Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions.
Cranial
cavity
Cranial
cavity
(contains
brain)
Vertebral
cavity
Dorsal
body
cavity
Superior
mediastinum
Thoracic
cavity
(contains
heart and
lungs)
Pleural
cavity
Pericardial
cavity within
the mediastinum
Vertebral
cavity
(contains
spinal
cord)
Diaphragm
Ventral body
cavity
(thoracic and
abdomino-
pelvic
cavities)
Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive
viscera)
Abdomino-
pelvic
cavity
Pelvic cavity
(contains urinary
bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum)
Dorsal body
cavity
Ventral body
cavity
Lateral view
Anterior view
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23. Clinical – Homeostatic Imbalance 1.1
Whereas the pelvic bones provide limited protection to the pelvic cavity, the walls of abdominal cavity are formed by muscle only, so organs in this area are most vulnerable to trauma
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24. Ventral Body Cavity (cont.)
Membranes in ventral body cavity
Serosa (also called serous membrane)
Thin, double-layered membranes that cover surfaces in ventral body cavity
Parietal serosa lines internal body cavity walls
Visceral serosa covers internal organs (viscera)
Double layers are separated by slit-like cavity filled with serous fluid
Fluid secreted by both layers of membrane
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25. Ventral Body Cavity (cont.)
Named for specific cavity and organs that they are associated with
Pericardium
Heart
Pleurae
Lungs
Peritoneum
Abdominopelvic cavity
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26. Figure 1.10 Serous membrane relationships.
Outer balloon wall
(comparable to parietal serosa)
Air (comparable to serous cavity)
Inner balloon wall
(comparable to visceral serosa)
A fist thrust into a flaccid balloon demonstrates
the relationship between the parietal and visceral
serous membrane layers.
Heart
Parietal
pericardium
Pericardial
space with
serous fluid
Visceral
pericardium
The serosae associated with the heart.
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27. Clinical – Homeostatic Imbalance 1.2
Serous membranes can become inflamed as a result of infection or other causes
Normally smooth layers can become rough and even can stick together, resulting in excruciating pain
Examples: pleurisy and peritonitis
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28. Ventral Body Cavity (cont.)
Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions
Quadrants are divisions used primarily by medical personnel
Abdominopelvic region is sectioned into quarters
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
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29. Figure 1.11 The four abdominopelvic quadrants.
Right upper
quadrant
(RUQ)
Left upper
quadrant
(LUQ)
Right lower
quadrant
(RLQ)
Left lower
quadrant
(LLQ)
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30. Ventral Body Cavity (cont.)
Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions (cont.)
Nine divisions called regions, resembling a tic-tac-toe grid, are used primarily by anatomists
Right hypochondriac region
Epigastric region
Left hypochondriac region
Right lumbar region
Umbilical region
Left lumber region
Right Iliac (inguinal) region
Hypogastric region
Left iliac (inguinal) region
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31. Figure 1.12 The nine abdominopelvic regions.
Liver
Diaphragm
Right
hypochondriac
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Spleen
Epigastric
region
Gallbladder
Stomach
Ascending colon
of large intestine
Transverse colon
of large intestine
Right
lumbar
region
Left
lumbar
region
Umbilical
region
Small intestine
Descending colon
of large intestine
Cecum
Initial part of
sigmoid colon
Right iliac
(inguinal)
region
Hypogastric
(pubic)
region
Left iliac
(inguinal)
region
Appendix
Urinary bladder
Nine regions delineated by four planes
Anterior view of the nine regions showing the
superficial organs
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32. Other Body Cavities
In addition to the two main body cavities, the body has several smaller cavities that are exposed to environment
Oral and digestive cavities
Nasal cavity
Orbital cavities
Middle ear cavities
Not exposed to environment
Synovial cavities: joint cavities
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