Kingdom Plantae Anatomy and Adaptations

Why are plants important?  Primary source of food for people and animals  Produce oxygen  Help to keep us cool  Renew the air  Slow wind speed  Provide a home for wildlife  Beautify surroundings  Furnish building materials  Fuel

Hierarchy of Life Organ Systems Organs Tissues Cells Organism

Plant Cell Review Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Cell Membrane Nucleus Chloroplast Vacuole Cell Wall Mitochondria Golgi Apparatus Contains Chlorophyll Site of photosynthesis Site of protein synthesis Gateway to the cell Support and structure Composed of cellulose Packages and delivers proteins Brain of the cell Contains genetic info DNA! Helps synthesize proteins and lipids Storage In plants can take up to 90% of the entire cell Energy Cellular Respiration ATP

Hmmmm Question Why do you suppose plants have larger vacuoles than animal cells?

3 Main Organs in Plants Roots Stems Leaves 1 2 3

Roots Characteristics  Usually underground  Anchor plant and hold upright  Absorb water and minerals from soil and conduct to stem  Store food

Roots Internal Similar to Stem Vascular Tissue xylem & phloem External Root Cap Provides continuous supply of new cells Protects roots as they push through soil Roots hairs absorb water and minerals Root Structure

Banana Root Tip Root Cap Meristamitic Tissue Tissue that generates new cells by mitosis

How does a plant take up water?  Read the following passage. Most vascular plants live on land and obtain water from the soil through their roots by osmosis. Water present in surrounding soil particles may move into root hairs by osmosis. The millions of tiny root hairs together have a very large surface area for absorbing water into the roots epidermal cells. This results in a greater concentration of water molecules in the outer epidermal cells of the root than in the cortex. Thus, water moves by osmosis from epidermal cells into the cortex. From there, movement of water continues across the many cell layers of a root until the water finally enters the xylem. Main Idea Supporting Detail Supporting Detail Supporting Detail

Flow Chart for Water transport Water and Minerals Using the reading passages, create a flow map starting with water and ending with xylem. Xylem If this flow chart was to continue, predict where the water would go next?

Continue Reading Vascular plants also obtain minerals and nutrients from the soil through their roots. Mineral ions enter roots by diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or active transport. Some minerals are used in the root or are simply stored there. Other minerals enter the xylem. The xylem of roots extends into the stem and to the leaves. Water and dissolved ions are transported upward through this pipeline. Main Idea Supporting Detail Supporting Detail Supporting Detail

Water Uptake  The continuous uptake of water creates a pressure as osmosis draws water from a lower concentration to a higher concentration. This is referred to as root pressure. H20H20H20H20H20H20 This is why aqua globes work! WOW!

Hmmm Question Why are root hairs an adaptation for plants?

Example of Roots Tap Root Fibrous Root

Stems Characteristics  Contains tubes to transport material through the plant. Vascular tissue – xylem and phloem  Stores nutrients for later use  Holds leaves and flowers in the best position to gather sunlight and for reproduction

Stems  2 Main types of stems Herbaceous – contain little or no woody tissues and typically die each year and grow back. Woody Stems - xylem that has died and hardened Example tree trunks

Question  Does this cactus have a woody or herbaceous stem? Giant saguaro Carnegiea gigantea in northern Sonora, Mexico. The weight of this large cactus is largely due to water storage tissue in the stems. A dead saguaro showing the woody (lignified) vascular strands that provide support for the massive stems.

Tendrils Stem Adaptations Thorns Rhizome and Tubers Runner TUBER

Leaf Characteristics  Capture the sun’s energy Site of photosynthesis (although some stems also conduct photosynthesis)  Gas Exchange Take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen  Release excess water as a vapor called transpiration  Smallest grow near the top and largest grow near the ground.

Photosynthesis Your Text here Photosynthesis Knowledge

Photosynthesis Which organelle does photosynthesis take place in? Chloroplast

 How does the water in the ground get to the tip toppity tip of a tree? Water loss by evaporation in leaves. Transpiration

Remember the Water Cycle…

Transpiration  Properties of water help transpiration. Cohesion and Adhesion Polarity Hey… What’s that Bubble thing called in a graduated cylinder? O.. A meniscus Capillary action!

Leaves a Closer Look Find the stomata And Guard Cells Epidermis - skin of the leaf single layer of cells protects leaf from loss of too much moisture Guard Cells- specialized cells on the underside of the leaf that control gas exchange. Stomata – allows the leave to breath and transpire. Also give off moisture.

Adaptations in Leaves  Succulents  Fly Trap  Needles  Water Lilly  Spines

What do plants need to survive?  Sun Light  Water & Minerals  Gas exchange  Movement of water and nutrients