1. Plant Cells Tissues, and Organs
Chapter 2

2. What is a plant? A plant is a multicellular eukaryote that -
has cellulose in the cell walls,
stores food in the form of starch,
has a cuticle- a waxy, waterproof coating on the stems and leaves. Cuticles help to prevent water loss

3. Plant Tissues Dermal- surrounds plant
Vascular- transports food and water
- Xylem- moves WATER UP
- Phloem- flows FOOD (SUGAR) DOWN
Ground- photosynthesis, storage, support
Meristematic- area where growth occurs

4. Specialized Cells and Tissues in Plants
(Page 58-59)
Click the “Start” button to review plant tissue and cell types.
Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

5. Different kinds of plant cells
Onion Epidermal Cells
Root Hair Cell
root hair
Guard Cells

6. Parts of a Leaf
(Pages 60-62)
Click the “Start” button to review the parts of a leaf.
Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.
Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

8. Leaves Function: usually the site of photosynthesis
Increased surface area to allow maximum absorption of sunlight
Contains guard cells & stomata sites of gas exchange

9. Transpiration
(Page 61)
Transpiration – the evaporation of water from the leaves through the stomata
Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

10. Chloroplasts
(Page 63)
Chloroplasts – the organelles within plant cells that use the Sun’s energy to chemically convert carbon into glucose (photosynthesis)
Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

11. Photosynthesis Review
Click the “Start” button to review the process of photosynthesis.
Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

12. Stems Function: provides support for growth
transports water, food and minerals to and from roots and leaves
Contains all tissue types

13. Stems A plant’s stem has two main functions: 1. physical support
(Page 64)
A plant’s stem has two main functions:
1. physical support
2. transportation of sap
Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

14. Roots Function: Most grow underground
take in water and nutrients from the soil
Anchor the plant in the soil
Sometimes act as storage (radishes, carrots, etc)
Most grow underground
Contains vascular tissue (xylem & phloem), ground tissue (cortex), dermal tissue and meristematic tissue (root tips)

15. Root Cross-Section

16. Roots A plant’s root has three main functions:
(Page 65)
A plant’s root has three main functions:
1. to anchor the plant in the ground
2. to take up water and minerals from
the soil
3. to store energy and nutrient
supplies for later use
Types of Roots
Tap Root
Fibrous Root
Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

17. Click the “Start” button to review stem and root tissues.
Stems and Roots
(Pages 64-65)
Click the “Start” button to review stem and root tissues.
Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

18. Flowers
(Page 68)
The main function of a plant’s flowers is reproductive. Flowers:
produce sperm and eggs for sexual reproduction
attract insects and other animals for pollination
produce seeds and sometimes fruit after pollination
Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

19. Reproduction Mosses and ferns use spores
All other plants produce seeds- contain the embryo, food source, and a protective coat
Flowers are the reproductive structure in highly evolved plants
Most flowers contain both male and female reproductive parts (complete flower)

20. Plants Under Attack: “Diseases of Plants”
(Page 66-67)
Magnified Rust Spores
Galls
Brown Rust
Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

21. Concepts to be reviewed:
Section Review
(Page 69)
Concepts to be reviewed:
how meristematic cells produce specialized plant cells
the characteristics of dermal, ground, and vascular tissues
the four types of plant organs: root, stem, leaf, and flowers
the process of photosynthesis
Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

22. Performing Specific Functions
Plant Organ Systems
Performing Specific Functions

23. Xylem and Phloem Section 2.2 Plant Organ Systems
(Page 70)
System – a group of tissues and organs that perform specific functions
Xylem and Phloem
Shoot System –supports the plant, performs photosynthesis, and transports sap
Root System – takes in water & nutrients from the soil and transports them to the shoot system
Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

24. Moving Water Through the Systems
(Pages 72-74)
“The push from below” – Water enters the root by osmosis and moves toward the centre of the root into the xylem vessels. The pericycle prevents the water from moving backward. Root pressure builds up in the xylem and pushes water “up.”
Tiny root hairs increase the surface area of the root.
Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

25. Moving Water Through the Systems
(Pages 72-74)
“The pull from above” – While the roots push the water column from below, the leaves pull from above. Transpiration aids in this process.
Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

26. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=At1BJJDcXhk (transpiration video)

27. The Movement of Maple Sap
(Page 75)
In the spring, sucrose from the roots flows “upward” to help produce leaf buds. In the summer and fall, the leaves produce glucose that moves “downward” to be stored in the roots.
Glucose
Glucose
Sucrose
Sucrose
Starch
Starch
Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

28. Concepts to be reviewed:
Section Review
(Page 76)
Concepts to be reviewed:
the function and characteristics of the root and shoot systems
the function and properties of xylem and phloem tissue
the tissues and processes involved in moving water and nutrients
the movement and storage of the products of photosynthesis
Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.