CharacteristicExamples Living things are made up of units called cells. Living things reproduce. Living things are based on a universal genetic code called DNA. Living things grow and develop. Living things obtain and use materials and energy and excrete the wastes. Living things respond to their environment. Living things maintain a stable internal environment. Taken as a group, living things change over time and acquire characteristics that help them survive. Many microorganisms consist of only a single cell. Animals and trees are multicellular. Maple trees reproduce sexually. A hydra can reproduce asexually by budding. Flies produce flies. Dogs produce dogs. Seeds from maple trees produce maple trees. Flies begin life as eggs, then become maggots, and then become adult flies. Plants obtain their energy from sunlight. Animals obtain their energy from the food they eat. Leaves and stems of plants grow toward light. Despite changes in the temperature of the environment, a robin maintains a constant body temperature. Plants that live in the desert survive because they have become adapted to the conditions of the desert. Section 1-3 Review the Characteristics of Living Things Go to Section:

Quick Review

The below picture shows an example of what major characteristic of living organisms? Reproduction!

The below picture shows an example of what major characteristic of living organisms? All organisms must be able to use and obtain energy

The below picture shows an example of what major characteristic of living organisms? All organisms have genetic material called DNA!

Classification A. What is Classification? 1. Grouping things in a logical manner- similar things grouped together B. Why Classify? 1.B/c scientists need an effective system to study the approximate 2.5 million known organisms 2.So that all scientists can use the same terminology for the same species.

C. How are living things classified? 1.Biologists use Taxonomy- science of classifying and giving a scientific name to organisms. a.Binomial nomenclature- two word naming system. Each species name has two parts: Genus name and Species name, usually based on Latin or Greek; ex- dogs belong to species Canis familiaris.

1.What is a catfish? 2.What is a dandelion? 3.What is a jellyfish? 4.What is a bullfrog? 5.What is a dragonfly?

American Coot?

Spring Peeper?

Brown Booby?

D.Who started all this? Carolus Linnaeus- Swedish botanist, 18 th Century, developed two name system. 1.Before Linnaeus there was no order to taxonomy. 2.Linnaeus’s system had 7 levels of organization, each level called a taxon (taxa-pl.)

Grizzly bearBlack bearGiant panda Red fox Abert squirrel Coral snake Sea star KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Chordata CLASS Mammalia ORDER Carnivora FAMILY Ursidae GENUS Ursus SPECIES Ursus arctos Section 18-1 Classification of Ursus arctos Go to Section: Species name is most specific! DomainEukarya (has a nucleus within its cells So there is actually 8 taxas if you include domain.

D.Who started all this? Carolus Linnaeus- Swedish botanist, 18 th Century, developed two name system. 1.Before Linnaeus there was no order to taxonomy. 2.Linnaeus’s system had 7 levels of organization, each level called a taxon (taxa- pl.) 3.Linnaeus’s placed all living things in to one of two Kingdoms- Animalia or Plantae 4.Today we have 6 kingdoms

Archaebacteria

Eubacteria

Protist

Fungi

Plants

Animals

Linnaeus’s System of Classification Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghetti Scientific Name= Genus and Species Ex: Homo sapien Rules: 1.Genus is always capitalized and species is always lower case. 2.Both are always italicized or underlined

Scientific Name Ex: Homo sapien Rules: Genus is always capitalized and species is always lower case. Both are always italicized or underlined

Grizzly bearBlack bearGiant panda Red fox Abert squirrel Coral snake Sea star KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Chordata CLASS Mammalia ORDER Carnivora FAMILY Ursidae GENUS Ursus SPECIES Ursus arctos Section 18-1 Classification of Ursus arctos Go to Section: Species name is most specific! DomainEukarya (has a nucleus within its cells So there is actually 8 taxas if you include domain.

Chapter 9 Which can be _________ ___________ _______________

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Chapter 9 Which can be Animals Plants _________ ___________ _______________

Chapter 9 Which can be Animals Plants Fungi _________ ___________ _______________

Chapter 9 Which can be Animals Plants Fungi Protists ___________ _______________

Chapter 9 Which can be Animals Plants Fungi Protists Archaebacteria _______________

Chapter 9 Which can be Animals Plants Fungi Protists Archaebacteria Eubacteria

The Six Kingdoms Organisms are placed into kingdoms based on five questions 1.Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? 2.Unicellular or Multicellular? 3.Producer or Consumer? 4.Does it have a cell wall or not? 5.Does it live in extreme environments?

Nucleus with DNA DNA

Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells 3 1

Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells 1 2 3

Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells Cell Membrane DNA Cytoplasm

Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells Cell Membrane DNA Cytoplasm

Prokaryotic Cells

Bacteria No Nucleus No Organelles Unicellular Microscopic

Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells Cell Membrane DNA Cytoplasm Bacteria No Nucleus No Organelles Unicellular Microscopic

Eukaryotic Cells Organelles Nucleus Multicellular Fungi Plants Animals Protists

Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells Cell Membrane DNA Cytoplasm Bacteria No Nucleus No Organelles Unicellular Microscopic Organelles Nucleus Multicellular Protists Plants Fungi Animals

Unicellular – organisms that exist in nature as a single cell; usually microscopic Multicellular – organisms that are more complex; usually with tissues and organs

Producers – (a. k a. autotrophs) organisms that can carry out photosynthesis to obtain energy Consumers – (a.k.a. heterotrophs) organism that eat producers or other consumers to obtain energy

Kingdom Archaebacteria 1.Prokaryote 2.Have a cell wall and some use flagella for movement 3.Unicellular 4.Autotrophic or heterotrophic 5.Asexual 6.Methanogens and halophiles –Live in very extreme environments –Only recently recognized as a separate bacteria kingdom –Can be helpful & harmful

Kingdom Eubacteria 1.Prokaryote 2.Have cell walls and some use flagella for movement 3.Unicellular 4.Autotrophic or Heterotrophic 5.Asexual 6.E-coli & Streptococcus –Can be helpful & harmful –Largest of the two bacteria kingdoms & can live almost anywhere

Kingdom Protista 1.Eukaryote 2.Nucleus and many other organelles 3.Most unicellular or some multicellular 4.Autotrophs or heterotrophs 5.Most reproduce asexually, some sexually 6.Paramecium. Amoeba, algae –Very diverse kingdom –The “Junk Drawer”

Algae

Kingdom Fungi 1.Eukaryote 2.Nucleus and many organelles; cell walls of chitin 3.Multicellular (except yeast) 4.All Heterotrophs– they eat! 5.Can reproduce asexually with spores or sexually 6.Examples: Mushrooms, mold, lichens –Important decomposers –Nature’s Recyclers

Kingdom Plantae 1.Eukaryote 2.Nucleus and many organelles, cell walls of cellulose 3.All Multicellular 4.All are Autotrophs 5.Reproduce sexually with pollen or asexually 6.Trees, grass, ferns –Oxygen producers

Kingdom Animalia 1.Eukaryote 2.Nucleus and many organelles, do not have cell walls 3.All Multicellular 4.All Heterotrophs 5.Reproduce sexually or asexually 6.Examples: insects, fish, humans –Hey! That’s You!

Bay-Breasted Warbler Feeds in the middle part of the tree Yellow-Rumped Warbler Feeds in the lower part of the tree and at the bases of the middle branches Cape May Warbler Feeds at the tips of branches near the top of the tree Spruce tree Section 4-2 Three Species of Warblers and Their Niches Go to Section:

Kingdoms Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia DOMAIN EUKARYA DOMAIN ARCHAEA DOMAIN BACTERIA Section 18-3 Cladogram of Six Kingdoms and Three Domains Go to Section:

DOMAIN KINGDOM CELL TYPE CELL STRUCTURES NUMBER OF CELLS MODE OF NUTRITION EXAMPLES Bacteria Eubacteria Prokaryote Cell walls with peptidoglyc an Unicellular Autotroph/ heterotroph Strep., E- coli ArchaeaEukarya Classification of Living Things Section 18-3 Figure Key Characteristics of Kingdoms and Domains Go to Section: Protist web site

DOMAIN KINGDOM CELL TYPE CELL STRUCTURES NUMBER OF CELLS MODE OF NUTRITION EXAMPLES Bacteria Eubacteria Prokaryote Cell walls with peptidoglyc an Unicellular Autotroph/ heterotroph Strep., E- coli Archaea Archaebacteria Prokaryote Cell walls without peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or heterotroph X-tremophiles Eukarya Classification of Living Things Section 18-3 Figure Key Characteristics of Kingdoms and Domains Go to Section: Protist web site

DOMAIN KINGDOM CELL TYPE CELL STRUCTURES NUMBER OF CELLS MODE OF NUTRITION EXAMPLES Bacteria Eubacteria Prokaryote Cell walls with peptidoglyc an Unicellular Autotroph/ heterotroph Strep., E- coli Archaea Archaebacteria Prokaryote Cell walls without peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or heterotroph X-tremophiles Protista Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp Eukarya Classification of Living Things Section 18-3 Figure Key Characteristics of Kingdoms and Domains Go to Section: Protist web site

DOMAIN KINGDOM CELL TYPE CELL STRUCTURES NUMBER OF CELLS MODE OF NUTRITION EXAMPLES Bacteria Eubacteria Prokaryote Cell walls with peptidoglyc an Unicellular Autotroph/ heterotroph Strep., E- coli Archaea Archaebacteria Prokaryote Cell walls without peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or heterotroph X-tremophiles Protista Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp Fungi Eukaryote Cell walls of chitin Most multicellular; some unicellular Heterotroph Mushrooms, yeasts Eukarya Classification of Living Things Section 18-3 Figure Key Characteristics of Kingdoms and Domains Go to Section: Protist web site

DOMAIN KINGDOM CELL TYPE CELL STRUCTURES NUMBER OF CELLS MODE OF NUTRITION EXAMPLES Bacteria Eubacteria Prokaryote Cell walls with peptidoglyc an Unicellular Autotroph/ heterotroph Strep., E- coli Archaea Archaebacteria Prokaryote Cell walls without peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or heterotroph X-tremophiles Protista Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp Fungi Eukaryote Cell walls of chitin Most multicellular; some unicellular Heterotroph Mushrooms, yeasts Plantae Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts Multicellular Autotroph Mosses, ferns, flowering plants Eukarya Classification of Living Things Section 18-3 Figure Key Characteristics of Kingdoms and Domains Go to Section: Protist web site

DOMAIN KINGDOM CELL TYPE CELL STRUCTURES NUMBER OF CELLS MODE OF NUTRITION EXAMPLES Bacteria Eubacteria Prokaryote Cell walls with peptidoglyc an Unicellular Autotroph/ heterotroph Strep., E- coli Archaea Archaebacteria Prokaryote Cell walls without peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or heterotroph X-tremophiles Protista Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp Fungi Eukaryote Cell walls of chitin Most multicellular; some unicellular Heterotroph Mushrooms, yeasts Plantae Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts Multicellular Autotroph Mosses, ferns, flowering plants Animalia Eukaryote No cell walls or chloroplasts Multicellular Heterotroph Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals Eukarya Classification of Living Things Section 18-3 Figure Key Characteristics of Kingdoms and Domains Go to Section: Protist web site

Section 18-3 Concept Map are characterized by such as and differing which place them in which coincides with which place them in which is subdivided into Living Things Kingdom Eubacteria Kingdom Archaebacteria Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells Important characteristics Cell wall structures Domain Eukarya Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia Go to Section:

Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population The part of Earth that contains all ecosystems Community and its nonliving surroundings Populations that live together in a defined area Group of organisms of one type that live in the same area Biosphere Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream, rocks, air Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass Bison herd Section 1-3 Levels of Organization Go to Section:

Organism Groups of Cells Molecules Individual living thing Tissues, organs, and organ systems Smallest functional unit of life Groups of atoms; smallest unit of most chemical compounds Bison Nervous tissue Nervous system Brain Nerve cell Water DNA Section 1-3 Levels of Organization continued Go to Section:

Biotic Factors ECOSYSTEM Abiotic Factors Section 4-2 Abiotic and Biotic Factors Go to Section: