BRAZIL AS AN INTERNATIONAL ACTOR Prior to Third Wave Democratization

Brazil in the Nineteenth Century Four million people in 8,511,965 sq. kilometers Two square kilometers per inhabitant No other state in Latin America in this category

Instability on Southern Frontier 1821 – Eastern Province of Rio de La Plata annexed to Brasil as Cisplatina 1825 – Thirty three “Orientales” declare independence 500 day Brazil-Argentine war 1828 Uruguay independence Cisplatina

Principles adopted by Brazil to guide its foreign policy Vis a vis Europe and the United States Pacifist ideology Solicitation of foreign investment Favored international arbitration Judicial solutions preferred over political ones

Principles adopted by Brazil to guide its foreign policy Vis a vis its neighbors Aim: legal/peaceful solutions to frontier problems Rio Branco – successfully incorporated 430,621 sq miles plus Acre Territory Defend territorial integrity Resort to political and military options when threatened by Argentina

Paraná Basin

Traditions that Shaped Brazilian Behavior as International Actor Heir to Portuguese rivalry with Spain Alliance with England Itamaraty – high quality foreign service Foreign policy successes in late 19 th century led to optimism concerning long range prospects in South America

Early Relations with the United States Brazilian foreign policy elite viewed good relations with the U.S. as useful to limit penetration by European states Also valued as potential deterrence to hostile designs by Argentina

Brazilian – American Alliance and its Decline: Background Cordial relations prior to World War II U.S. largest market for Brazilian coffee as early as 1865 support for Brazil in international conferences Brazil cordiality contrasted with suspicion on the part of Spanish-speaking Latin America Both peripheral to each other’s central foreign policy concerns

Brazilian – American Alliance World War II & its Aftermath Getulio Vargas casts his lot with the allied cause in 1940/41 Brazilian participation in World War II Italian campaign: disaster to success U.S. a model for Brazilian military Marshall Plan for Europe sows bitterness between the United States and Brazil

Brazil’s Experiment with an Independent Foreign Policy ( ) Component policies Diplomatic relations with the Soviet Bloc countries Expanded direct contacts with underdeveloped countries Resistance to U.S. pressure for sanctions against Cuba

Experiment with Independent Foreign Policy: Origin Operation Pan America – proposed by President J. Kubitschek in 1959 Rooted in Brazilian disillusionment with U.S. foreign economic policy between 1945 and 1955 Reflected growing nationalism Search for markets New importance of domestic industrialists

Experiment with Independent Foreign Policy: Events Janio Quadros, a conservative who supported independent foreign policy, elected president in 1960 João Goulart ( ) applies a leftist twist to the independent foreign policy 1962 abstains from OAS call for collective sanctions against Castro Begins to reorient domestic policies

Unsuccessful Reform Under Castelo Branco: 1964 – 1966 Constitutional Act? “Soft” demobilization of the most militant Vargas forces Elections of 1966 Pro-Vargas forces victorious Results not allowed to stand

U.S. Brazilian Alliance: Temporary Restoration Pro-U.S. Army officers call the shorts (during?) after the conservative “revolution” of 1964 Conservative revolution turns in directions not to Washington’s liking Human rights Continental ambitions

After Castello Branco: Political Parties and Controlled Elections Replacement of 1946 Constitution with Constitution of 1966 Controlled two-party system (Constitution of 1966) ARENA PMDB

Military Regime and its Governments (Vacillation?) Arturo Costa e Silva ( ) Stop – go operations against Vargas followers and the left USA ambassador kidnapped Costa e Silva suffers a stroke Succession options Military takes hard line No compromise with dissidents Increasing nationalism U.S. pulls back from support of military regime The political prisoners that were exchanged in 1969 for the American embassador, Charles Elbrick,

Military Regime and its Governments (Round One) Emilio Garrastazú Medici ( ) Nationalism Economic miracle OBAN – Dark Side Decorating Bolivian president President Medici at White House

Military Regime and its Governments (Round 2) Ernesto Geisel ( ) Economic growth slows Assertion of government control over shadowy terror apparatus João Figueiredo ( ) Dividing of the opposition More economic difficulties Searching for an exit strategy Women protest against the military government

Carter Policies Undermine Special Relationship Clash over nuclear nuclear electric plants (Angara dos Reyes) Guidance systems for Sonda rockets Controversy over human rights violations Tensions at the State Dinner

Castelo Branco (1964 – 1967) Costa e Silva (1967 – 1969) Emílio Médici (1969 – 1974) Ernesto Geisel ( ) João Baptista Figueiredo ( ) Brazilian Military Presidents

Drive for Upward International Mobility: Intensifies under Military Regime Industrialization as a path to great power status Emerging military-industrial complex exacerbates tensions with Washington Nuclear program incorporates German technology Arms and aircraft Events in 1990’s debilitate Brazilian arms industries (Gulf War) Generally competitive nature of Brazilian industrial production

Mixed results from the decades of military rule leads to reorientation of Brazilian Foreign Policy after 1985