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Became military leader after Robspierre executed Still at war with Britain, Austria, & Russia Defeated Austria in 1797 using rapid movement Freed locals wherever he went 1799 – Became ruler of France 2

Negotiated peace with European powers Introduced domestic reforms New legal code – Combined traditional laws with ideas from Revolution 1804 – Crowned himself emperor At war with Europe again, only Britain by 1805 New French Empire covered most of Europe 3

Causes: Inability to invade England Economic problems due to boycott of British goods Disliked by most Europeans Conquests ignited nationalist feelings 1809 – Spain revolted 4

1812 – Invades Russia (600,000 Troops) Defeated Russians Tsar Alexander I refused to surrender Russians burned Moscow to ground Napoleon defeated on retreat (Disease, Hunger, Suicide) Overthrown after returning to Paris 5

King Louis XVIII put in charge Napoleon reemerged in 1815, Battle of Waterloo Sent to prison where he later died 6

France – Created stability by establishing Code Napoleon, law code combined social equality, religious tolerance, & trial by jury Europe – Introduced ideas from French Revolution & ended feudal restrictions World – Sparked nationalism, ended Spain’s Latin American colonial power, sold Louisiana Territory 7

Goal – Settle issues arising from French Revolution & Napoleonic Wars Restored many former rulers & borders Celebrated Napoleon’s defeat Leaders of Britain, Russia, Austria, & Prussia met privately for major decisions Wanted to establish balance of power (no single country could dominate others) 8

Accomplished this by combining smaller countries Abolished slave trade & granted rights to German Jews William Wilberforce – Leading voice in abolishing slave trade 9

Nationalism – Belief that each ethnic group is entitled to its own government & homeland French Revolution started this idea in Europe by teaching that government should be based on the will of the people. Despite growing nationalism, Congress of Vienna failed to take into account the desire of the people to control their own governments 10

Prince Klemens von Matternich of Austria was one of the leaders of the Congress of Vienna Played pivotal role in preventing attempts at nationalism or political change Many European nations attempted revolutions, but were defeated by the Austrian or Russian Army Greece & Belgium succeeded, and France overthrew their monarchy again & established a new constitutional monarchy 11

1848 considered a turning point of the 19 th Century Constitutional Monarchy of France overthrown, & a republic was established This inspires revolutions in Italy, Germany, Austria, & Hungary By 1849 the combined Austrian & Russian armies proved to be too much for the revolutionaries 12