The Romans

The Geography of Rome

Italy in 750 BCE

Influence of the Etruscans § Writing § Religion § The Arch

The Mythical Founding of Rome: Romulus & Remus

Republican Government 2 Consuls (Rulers of Rome) Senate (Representative body for patricians) Tribal Assembly (Representative body for plebeians)

The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE § Providing political and social rights for the plebeians.

The Roman Forum

Rome’s Early Road System

Roman Roads: The Appian Way

Roman Aqueducts

The Roman Colosseum

The Colosseum Interior

Circus Maximus

Carthaginian Empire

Hannibal’s Route

Reform Leaders § Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land. Military Reformer § Gaius Marius recruited an army from the poor and homeless. professional standing army.

PompeyPompey Civil War & Dictators Julius Caesar

The First Triumvirate  Julius Caesar  Marcus Crassus  Gaius Magnus Pompey

Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC No Turning Back

Beware the Ides of March! 44 BCE

The Second Triumvirate § Octavian Augustus § Marc Antony § Marcus Lepidus

Octavian Augustus: Rome’s First Emperor

Pax Romana: 27 BCE – 180 CE

The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 CE

IX. Emperors Julio-Claudians (members of Caesar’s family):Julio-Claudians (members of Caesar’s family): –Tiberius: able leader; accused people of treason –Caligula: became mentally ill; killed by a guard –Claudius: renowned scholar; difficulty focusing –Nero: cruel and “insane”; persecuted the early “Christians”; sentenced to death for treason Good Emperors (administrative skills):Good Emperors (administrative skills): –Trajan: increased the size of the Empire –Hadrian: strengthened the frontier –Antonius Pious: maintained prosperity –Marcus Aurelius: “the philosopher ruler”; brought the empire to its height of prosperity

X. The Roman Empire Imperial Rule:Imperial Rule: –Augustus improved the working or the empire; kept the Senate “uninvolved” –Augustus appointed himself Pontifex Maximus The Law:The Law: –jus gentium: law that dealt with noncitizens –jus civile: law that dealt with citizens –Formed the basis for Church and Western law An Imperial Army:An Imperial Army: –Standing army was reduced in size due to peace –A.D. 160s – invasions by outsiders become a problem

X. The Roman Empire The Economy:The Economy: –Artisans made commodities that were sold throughout the empire –Traded commodities for “luxury” goods Educational Advances/AccomplishmentsEducational Advances/Accomplishments –Galen: Formed the basis of Roman medical science which influenced medicine for the next 1400 yearsFormed the basis of Roman medical science which influenced medicine for the next 1400 years –Ptolemy: Egyptian astronomer whose work later allowed others to predict the planets’ motionsEgyptian astronomer whose work later allowed others to predict the planets’ motions

XI. The Rise of Christianity Christianity was practiced in the Med. regionChristianity was practiced in the Med. region –Jews were oppressed under Roman rule –Hoped for a “messiah” to deliver them Jesus of Nazareth (ministry = A.D )Jesus of Nazareth (ministry = A.D ) –Preached that God was loving/forgiving to all –Controversy troubled Roman and Jewish officials –Pontius Pilate sentenced him to crucifixion Believed that Jesus’ teachings would die with himBelieved that Jesus’ teachings would die with him –A.D. 100 – Gospel preached in all of Roman Empire Jews and Gentiles both began to est. churchesJews and Gentiles both began to est. churches

XI. Rise of Christianity Two Main DisciplesTwo Main Disciples –Peter: primarily ministered to the Jews Believed that he founded the church in RomeBelieved that he founded the church in Rome Crucified upside downCrucified upside down –Paul: primarily ministered to Gentiles Was once a persecutor of “Christians”Was once a persecutor of “Christians” Nero had him beheadedNero had him beheaded Persecution of Early ChristiansPersecution of Early Christians –Taught that their religion was the only way –Were accused of treason (did not honor emperor) –Often were killed as martyrs (in the Colosseum) –Christianity was mainly practiced in the cities

XII. Roman Adoption of Christianity A.D. 312 – Constantine led his army into battle under the sign of the “flaming cross”A.D. 312 – Constantine led his army into battle under the sign of the “flaming cross” A.D. 313 – Edict of MilanA.D. 313 – Edict of Milan –Allowed for freedom of religious worship A.D. 325 Council of NicaeaA.D. 325 Council of Nicaea –Decided on official doctrine/teachings –Jesus had both human and godly qualities A.D. 392 – Theodosius I made Christianity the official religion of the empireA.D. 392 – Theodosius I made Christianity the official religion of the empire –Banned old Hellenistic and Roman religions

XIII. The Early Church Needed clearly stated, unified teachings in order to prosper (Council of Nicaea)Needed clearly stated, unified teachings in order to prosper (Council of Nicaea) Augustine – City of God and ConfessionsAugustine – City of God and Confessions Church Structure (hierarchy)Church Structure (hierarchy) –Priests, Bishops, Patriarchs –400s: the Bishop of Rome claimed authority over all of the other bishops –Greek churches did not recognize his auth. –The Great Schism: a large split in the church Latin (Western) churches became Roman CatholicLatin (Western) churches became Roman Catholic Greek (Eastern) churches became Eastern OrthodoxGreek (Eastern) churches became Eastern Orthodox

The Rise of Christianity

St. Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles

The Spread of Christianity

The Council of Nicaea Settled on Basic DoctrineSettled on Basic Doctrine Jesus had both human and godly CharcteristicsJesus had both human and godly Charcteristics

Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 CE

Constantine:

Constantinople: “The 2 nd Rome” (Founded in 330)

Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c

Attila the Hun: “The Scourge of God”

Byzantium: The Eastern Roman Empire

The Byzantine Empire During the Reign of Justinian

The Byzantine Emperor Justinian

The Legacy of Rome § Republic Government § Roman Law § Latin Language § Roman Catholic Church § City Planning § Romanesque Architectural Style § Roman Engineering Aqueducts Aqueducts Sewage systems Sewage systems Dams Dams Cement Cement Arch Arch