Industrial Revolution, Nationalism & Imperialism 1750-1900

Industrial Revolution Agricultural Revolution: [chicken egg dilemma] New techniques in farming [fertilizers] and the use of farm machinery resulted in 2 significant changes that aided the industrial revolution Crop yields increased dramatically Fewer workers were required to work in the fields thus they sought jobs in the factories Made it possible for nations to sustain larger populations

Industrial Revolution Textile Industry: where the revolution began in England Cottage Industry Making textiles and goods in individual homes Factory System Workers were forced to go to a central location where all production took place Large expensive equipment brought about a need for such a system

Industrial Revolution 1st Industrial Revolution was in textiles and powered by water. New Inventions rapidly increased production. Spinning Jenny, James Hargreaves Steam Engine James Watt Cotton Gin, Eli Whitney

Industrial Revolution 2nd Industrial Revolution Occurred in the iron and steel industry. Countries with deposits of iron and coal became leaders in the 2nd phase. This revolution was powered by steam and coal later to be replaced by electrical generators and the combustion engine in the 20th century. Sources of Power: water, coal & steam, coal, oil & electricity. Bethlehem Steel

Industrial Revolution Improvement in transportation and communication improved efficiency James Watt, Locomotive Samuel Morse, Telegraph John McAdam, roads Canals

Consequences of Industrialization Growth of cities Overcrowding, unsanitary conditions, industrial pollution Demand for local government to improve living conditions Working Conditions Demands for Reform: long hours, low wages, lousy conditions Unionization movements Iron law of Wages: keep wages low workers are productive & small families European Population 1750 140m 1800 187m 29%Δ 1850 266m 35%Δ London 1800 1m 1850 2.4m 1900 4m Berlin 1700 30,000 1850 450,000 1900 2 million

Social Consequences of Industrialization Wage Economics: people became dependent upon wages to survive, no longer self sufficient Cities became crowded, need for police forces and prisons Women left the workforce once married, but both children and young girls were exploited often earning low wages. Child Labor Laws would slowly eliminate the use of child labor British Ten Hour Work Day was instituted to allow adults more time with their children

Industrialization and Society Chartism: Malthus Utilitarianism Early Socialism Utopian Socialist

Conservatism In Europe Congress of Vienna Allied powers meet in Vienna to carve up Napoleon’s Empire Principle of legitimacy was to return rightful monarchs back to their thrones Austrian Foreign Minister Prince von Metternich is the key architect of European politics from 1814 – 1848. Concert of Europe Allied powers would work in harmony to keep the peace in Europe and prevent one power from being too dominant. Europe after 1815 Conservatives hoped to return Europe to the pre-revolutionary days

Reform Bill in Great Britain Series of Acts that reformed the British electoral system Redistricting: reduced the number of boroughs Extended Franchise: included smaller landowners in counties who owned 10 pounds worth of land Voter registration Working Classes and Women were unsatisfied

France in the Aftermath of Napoleon Louis XVIII [1814-24] Constitutional monarch but very weak especially when he fled during the 100 days. Tried to rule in a centrist fashion and afraid his brother would not be so wise Died without heir from complications of obesity and gangrene.

France in the Aftermath of Napoleon 1814-1848 Charles X [1824-1830] Last of the Bourbon kings Unpopular ruler. Liberals despised his autocratic policies. Unable to get a favorable majority in the parliament Charles issued 4 Ordinances in July 1830 dissolving parliament, censoring the press, altered the electoral system and called for new elections in the streets. Parisians went to the barricades. Charles’ army was unable to regain Paris. Charles abdicated for himself and his son in favor of his nephew Henri, but the parliament chose Louis Philippe, 4th in line as King of the French.

Louis Philippe, Bourgeois King of the French Liberalism Liberalism was a political philosophy that felt people should be free from government interference. Felt government should be run by a constitution but NOT in favor of universal male suffrage. Only men of property should have the right to vote. Believed in the ideals of the Enlightenment Middle Class industrialists were the primary supporters of this view point which dominated the mid to late 1800s Adam Smith Louis Philippe, Bourgeois King of the French

Reign of the Bourgeois King Louis Philippe 1830-1848 King of the French, tricolor flag restored Promoted Liberal, bourgeois interests at the expense of working class interests Overthrown in the revolution of 1848 when he refused to grant changes to working conditions in France

Rise of Socialism Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx [1848] Called for workers to seize control of the “factors of production” meaning the factories, the mines, etc Marx believed the workers [proletariat] needed to seize political control from the upper middle class factory owners [bourgeoisie] Socialist Political parties would gain strength and popularity throughout Europe in the late 1800s early 1900s.

1848 Year of Revolution Revolution in France Socialists under the leadership of Louis Blanc demanded inclusion in a new provisional government. Workshops were created to provide work relief for the unemployed New Elections resulted in a Conservative and Moderate majority in the National Assembly showing the provinces did not trust Paris radicals. New socialist revolts were put down by the military 1848 Austria and Prussia face growing revolts Hungarians revolt against Austrian rule, Russian troops help Austria put down the revolts. Hungarians would not gain autonomy until 1867. Austrian Emperor Ferdinand is forced to abdicate, replaced by his nephew 18 year old Franz Joseph. Prince Metternich resigns and flees to Innsbruck German Congress in Frankfurt offers Prussian King the crown of a united Germany, He rejects it. Revolution in Prussia forces the king to grant a constitution.

2nd French Republic & Empire 1848 2nd Republic Louis Napoleon, Napoleon’s nephew is elected President in 1848 with 75% of the vote. Allowed to serve only one 4 year term. 1852 he seizes power in a coup on Dec 2, 1851 and creates the 2nd Empire crowning himself Napoleon III. Used a plebiscite to give his action legitimacy 2nd Empire 1852-70 Made many changes that benefited socialists and industrialists. Beautified Paris and made it the city it is today. Was very popular until his downfall. Napoleon III

Napoleon III & Foreign Policy As Emperor he needed a wife and heir. Chose a woman he loved rather than an arranged marriage. Eugenie de Monitjo of Spain. Crimean War 1854-56. Ended the Concert of Europe when he joined Britain in fighting Russia. Unification of Italy Asia Policy Mission to Japan Second Opium War 1860 occupation of China French Indochina Mexico 1866 Maximilian Hapsburg

Russia in the Aftermath of Napoleon Tsar Alexander I [1801-1825] repressed liberalism and nationalism. Russian military officers however were exposed to the ideals of the French Revolution Alexander died unexpectedly without an heir. His brother Constantine had a morganatic marriage, so his younger brother Nicholas was considered heir. Decembrist Revolt, officers who favored Constantine revolted and Nicholas had it brutally put down. Nicholas I ruled as autocrat from 1825-1855

Nationalism Execution of Karl Sand Believe a nation is composed of people who share a common language and cultural heritage Most powerful ideology of the 19th and 20th century Used by both Liberals and Monarchists to achieve their objectives Often combined with Liberalism to achieve its objectives 1821 Greece, then 1830 Serbia gain independence from the Ottoman empire 1820-30s Latin American gains independence from Spain 1830 Belgium gains independence from the Netherlands Execution of Karl Sand

Nationalism: Italy Nationalism: feelings of devotion and loyalty to one’s country or ethnic group Italy was dominated by Austria and France Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia PM Camillo Cavour sided with France & Britain in the Crimean War in exchange for French support for Italian Unification Giuseppe Garibaldi’s Red Shirts invaded S. Italy Unification of Italy 1850-1870

Nationalism: Germany Unification of Germany 1866-71 Prussian King Wilhem I Chancellor Otto von Bismarck Architect of unification Greater Germany A unified Germany including the Austrian Empire Lesser Germany A unified Germany without Austria

German Unification: Bismarck’s Blood & Iron Austro-Prussian War of 1866 Prussia defeated Austria in 6 weeks; eliminated Austria from interfering in German affairs United Northern Germany with Prussia Franco-Prussian War of 1870 Ems Telegram doctored by Bismarck to insult France Prussia defeated France and resulted in German unification Germany is unified in Jan 1871 Germany takes Alsace-Lorraine from France The Unification of Germany 1862-1871

Nationalism: The Balkans Europe’s Powder Keg Ottoman Domination & Collapse Albania & Bosnian conversions to Islam “The Sick Man of Europe Greek Independence 1831 Russia Defender of Slavs and Eastern Orthodoxy 1877 Russo-Ottoman War Balkans 1878-1914

Nationalism: The Balkans Russia and Pan-Slavism Russia considered itself the defender of Slavic speaking peoples Russo-Turkish War of 1877 Russia defeated the Ottoman Turks Congress of Berlin 1878 European powers feared Russian power sought to contain at this conference Romania & Serbia gain independence Bulgaria is autonomous Bosnia-Herzegovina administered by Austria-Hungary Balkans 1878-1914

Imperialism Reasons for Imperialism Africa Asia Economic: resources & markets Strategic: bases for refueling Prestige White Man’s Burden” Africa Only 2 independent nations by 1900 [Ethiopia and Liberia] Asia French Indochina [Vietnam] British Hong Kong, Singapore Spheres of Influence in China

Imperialism Emergence of Japan Meiji Restoration 1867 US Commodore Perry’s visit in 1853 opened Japan’s eyes to modern technology Meiji Restoration 1867 Restored the monarchy and ended feudalism in Japan Began a period of rapid modernization Sino-Japanese War 1895 Seized Korea and Formosa [Taiwan] from China Russo-Japanese War 1905 1st time an Asia nation defeated a European

Imperialism & Germany Imperial Conflict Wilhelm II, nephew of Queen Victoria. Birth defect left him with a slightly deformed left arm. He always seemed to overcompensate for it. Germany was an economic and military powerhouse but a small empire. Wilhelm wanted to change that. Bismarck’s advice to Kaiser Wilhelm II was to not pursue an Empire and maintain an alliance with Russia but Wilhelm ignored him and fired Bismarck in 1890 Wilhelm II’s pursuit of an Empire and expansion of the Germany Navy led him into conflict with Britain and France

Hapsburg Austria Franz Josef & Elizabeth The Hapsburg Curse Eldest daughter died at Age 2 Son Rudolf heir to throne supposedly committed suicide at age 30 in 1889 Elisabeth assassinated in 1898 Franz Ferdinand: Fran Josef’s nephew and heir after Rudolf’s death is assassinated in 1914

Nationalism: Austria-Hungary Dual Monarchy 1867 Became the Austro-Hungarian Empire Ethnic tension Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Ukrainians, Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs all demanding autonomy or independence Triple Monarchy? Franz-Ferdinand: heir to the throne proposed a triple monarchy and self government for slavs. Serbs saw this as a threat Europe 1877

The Alliance System Triple Alliance Triple Entente Germany Austria-Hungary Italy Triple Entente Great Britain France Russia

The Powder Keg Explodes The Balkan Wars 1912-1913 1st Balkan War Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria and Greece vs the Ottoman empire 2nd Balkan War Serbia, Greece, Romania and the Ottoman Empire vs Bulgaria Assassination 1914 Sarajevo, Bosnia Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated by Serbian terrorists and triggers WWI