Factors affecting Europe The Renaissance The Protestant Reformation The Scientific Revolution The Enlightenment Exploration and Expansion The New World The Commercial Revolution Development of the nation-state

Spain Union of Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon Reconquista (1492)- fall of Grenada Charles V - Holy Roman Emperor The lands of the Hapsburg emperor, Charles V

Spain Philip II - “The Most Catholic King” New World wealth Religious wars: Thirty Years War, Lepanto, Spanish Netherlands, Spanish Armada Spanish Inquisition Decline- weak rulers, bankruptcy, decline in military power

France Hundred Years War – consolidation of lands War within France – Huguenots Edict of Nantes 1598 Thirty Years War – Treaty of Westphalia 1648 Cardinal Richelieu and Mazzarin – development of the French state

France Louis XIV – The “Sun King” “L’etat c’es moi” Absolutism – rule by divine right The Court at Versailles The Estates General – the Three Estates Colonies Louis XIV

The Third Estate The Commoners The First Estate The Clergy The Second Estate The Nobility

England Henry VIII – Reformation “Bloody Mary” Elizabeth I – Consolidation of Protestantism England as a nation- state Elizabeth I

England The Stuarts James I – Catholicism versus Protestantism / Monarch versus parliament Charles I Execution of Charles I

England The English Civil War (Revolution?) Oliver Cromwell Roundheads versus Cavaliers New Model Army Ireland & Scotland conquered The Commonwealth Oliver Cromwell

Britain The Restoration of Charles II James II – Religious issues “The Glorious Revolution” William and Mary Queen Anne The House of Hanover Impact on Colonies Charles II

The Cross of St. Andrew - Scotland The Cross of St. George - England The Cross of St. Patrick - Ireland = The Union Jack Act Of Union 1707

The Netherlands Freedom from Spain (map)map Dutch Republic de facto 1609 Strong naval traditions Tradition for tolerance VOC – Dutch East India Company The Spice Trade Colonies

The Holy Roman Empire Hapsburgs – lands divided by Emperor Charles V Core – Austria (Hungary added) German states lost after Thirty Years War Ottoman pressures Weakly bound nation- state

Italy City-states Center of Renaissance Decline in power and influence after late 1400’s as trade shifts from Mediterranean to Atlantic and Asia

Portugal Early success in exploration Early domination of spice and slave trade Too weak to fend off competing European states (England & Dutch) Gradual decline

The German States Origin of Lutheranism Treaty of Westphalia – Freedom Emergence of Prussia  Militaristic state – Europe’s fourth largest army  Frederick I (Frederick the Great) – Prussia dominant German state

European Wars Competition for territory, resources, and markets Balance of power – guiding philosophy War of the Austrian Succession – First World War? Seven Years War – aka French & Indian War Maria Theresa