MIDDLE AGES
Most Powerful and influential Institution during Middle Ages Brought Order & Unity Functions: 1. Religious- Excommunication 2. Political- Canon Law 3. Economic- Tithe 4. Social- Monasteries were places where monks and nuns focused on spiritual goals
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CLERGY: 1. POPE – head of the Church 2. BISHOPS – leads the Diocese {today there are about 3000 worldwide} 3. PRIESTS – in charge of parish {Deacons assist Priests} {Cardinals are advisors appointed by the Pope They elect the Pope…}
Churches (Cathedrals) were built during Middle Ages starting in 1100 Gothic Characteristics: Stained Glass Windows Tall Spires Pointed Arches Ribbed Vaults Flying Buttresses
Series of Holy Wars between Muslims & Christians lasting over 300 years Crusaders comprised military units of Roman Catholics from all over western Europe were not under unified command Wars took place in the Middle East: Christians vs. Muslims Main reason – Christians wanted to regain “Holy Land” (Palestine) from Muslims
Pope hoped to unite Roman and Byzantine Christians Sins would be forgiven Gain wealth & land Adventure –excitement & travel Get rid of quarrelsome Knights Serfs wanted to escape
POPE URBAN II calls for “holy war”- take back control of holy land and help out Byzantines Soldiers recruited from all over Western Europe (France, Germany, Italy, England, Spain) July 15, 1099 Crusaders entered Jerusalem Massacred Jews/Muslims took control of city Muslims surprised by attacks not united under single ruler
Crusaders establish Christian states in: *JERUSALEM *ANTIOCH *EDESSA Edessa recaptured by Muslims in 1144 leading to the Second Crusade
Unites most of the Muslim world – Egypt, Syria, North Africa, Mesopotamia July 4, 1187 – defeats Crusader army at Battle of Hattin October 2, 1187 – Saladin captures Jerusalem from Christians Loss of Jerusalem leads to Third Crusade
Attempt by England, France, & Germany to regain Jerusalem Crusaders led by King of England – Richard The Lionheart Crusaders did win some victories but unable to recapture Jerusalem Richard & Saladin sign peace treaty – Muslims controlled city but Christians could freely visit
After the Third Crusade there would be 5/6 more attempts by Christians to recapture Jerusalem – all ended in failure “Holy Land” remained under the control of Muslims until after World War I
Increased Trade & Commerce Fruits, carpets, fabrics, perfumes, spices, pepper (all goods from the Middle East) Encouragement of Learning – Greek & Roman writings {new ideas in Medicine, Science, Literature, Art} Cultural Diffusion – Islamic Culture Goes West Helped Undermine Feudalism – rise of Kings Religious Hatred – Muslims/Christians