Westward Migration and its Implications, Libertyville HS

New States Three states entered union, Two states entered union, Six states entered union, US Population –3–3,893,635 (see 1790 census) 1830 US population –1–12,858,670 (see 1830 census pg 46)

Frontier Cycle Who came West? –Fur traders (trade ended by 1850) –Ranchers (esp. in TX, in 1840s) –Pioneer farmers (1830s) –Miners (after 1840s) Established routes used by settlers

Indian-American Relations: Fallen Timbers Federal government, NOT states, set policy –Precedent: Proclamation line of 1763 Battle of Fallen Timbers (OH), 1794 –Struggle for control of NW Territory –Battle: Prep. of Gen. Wayne (Legion) British closed gates on NA –Led to Treaty of Greenville (1795) – NA gave up OH

Indian-American Relations: Tecumseh’s War Battle of Tippecanoe Creek (IN, 1811) –T–Tecumseh (Shawnee) – resisted US expansion –T–The Prophet (T’s brother): reject American ways! –G–Governor (and general) William Harrison – grabbing land for US settlers from NA –A–Alarmed, T sought Indian Confederation in S (FL) –H–Harrison attacked “Prophetown” b/c of NA attacks (P-town at T-canoe) Battle of the Thames (Canada, 1813 – part of War of 1812) Tecumseh killed Confederacy fell apart

Indian-American Relations: Southern America Battle of Horseshoe Bend (AL, 1814) –C–Creek Indians (“Red Sticks”) vs. US, led by General Andrew Jackson President Jackson had strong feelings against native Americans –I–Indian Removal Act of 1830 & Cherokee “The Trail of Tears”

Indian-American Relations The Cherokee Struggle –F–Five nations were “civilized” (Americanized) tribes – didn’t matter –C–Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831) GA passed laws essentially stripping Cherokees of their rights under state law, seized their land USSC: no jurisdiction b/c Cherokee were not independent nations but “domestic dependent nations” –W–Worchester v. State of GA (1832) Worchester an American missionary USSC: States had no power over Indian tribes Jackson: “Marshall has made his decision: now let him enforce it!” State removal efforts continued –C–Cherokees removed from land to OK, 1838 John Ross, elected Chief of Cherokee Nation

Black Hawk War (IL, 1832) –I–Indians forced west, across Mississippi –S–Some, under Black Hawk, returned to traditional homes in IL –M–Militia, US army turned out, hunted them down with “climatic” fight at Bad Axe

Second Seminole War (FL, ) –M–Most expensive Indian war –L–Longest conflict, from Revolution to Vietnam –I–Issue: Removal Most Seminoles fought removal from res to OK Disappeared into FL swamps to fight guerrilla war –E–Eventually, remaining Seminoles settled in res in S. FL 1823 reservation 1842 Reservation

Legacy of Indian-American Relations Displacement Removal Exclusion from American Democracy